Including space planning, exterior design and functional and aesthetic planning of internal structure.
. Structural Engineering
Responsible for the stability and durability of buildings, involving material selection and structural design.
. Building construction
Covers construction technology, construction processes and site management.
. Building Materials
Study the properties and applications of materials used in construction, including concrete, steel, glass, and wood.
.interior design
Focus on the planning and decoration design of interior spaces of buildings.
.Interior decoration project
Focus on renovation projects of interior spaces in buildings.
. Urban Plan
Involving large-scale land use and urban functional layout planning.
. Built Environment and Sustainability
Research how buildings can coexist with the environment and adopt energy-saving and sustainable designs.
.Historical and cultural buildings
Preservation and restoration of buildings of historical or cultural interest.
. Smart Building
Integrate technology and architectural design, such as smart home systems and automated management.
. Landscape Architecture
Design the environmental spaces outside the building, such as gardens, squares and green areas.
bridge construction
Function and importance
A bridge is an architectural structure that spans a river, valley, or road, and its main function is to provide transportation access. Bridges not only improve traffic efficiency, but also promote regional economic development and are often regarded as an important component of infrastructure construction.
bridge type
Beam bridge:In its most basic form, horizontal beams span support points, and the structure is simple.
arch bridge:The use of arch structures to disperse gravity is common in ancient stone bridges and modern steel arch bridges.
Suspension bridge:The bridge deck is suspended by main cables and can span extremely long distances, making it suitable for bays and large rivers.
Cable-stayed bridge:Cable-stayed steel cables connect the bridge towers to the bridge deck, giving it a modern appearance and high structural efficiency.
pontoon:The bridge deck floats on the water and is suitable for temporary or special terrain purposes.
main structural elements
Pier:The vertical structure that supports the bridge body and is responsible for transmitting loads to the foundation.
Bridge deck:A flat structure for vehicles and pedestrians.
Main beam/arch/cable:Depending on the bridge type, it is used to bear and distribute the load.
Bridge Tower:Mainly used in suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges as tension support points.
Building materials application
Traditional bridges often use stone and wood; modern bridges mostly use steel, prestressed concrete and composite materials to improve durability and load-bearing capacity.
Modern bridge features
Combining engineering and aesthetics to become a city landmark
Adopt modular and prefabricated construction technology
Emphasis on design considerations such as earthquake resistance, wind resistance, and flood prevention
Examples of famous bridges
Golden Gate Bridge (suspension bridge), USA
Taiwan New Taipei Bridge (cable-stayed bridge)
China Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (Long Bridge on the Sea)
Millau Viaduct, France (the highest bridge in the world)
tunnel construction
Functions and applications
Tunnels are closed passages that pass through mountains, underground or water bodies. They are mainly used for the laying of transportation, drainage, power and communication facilities. Tunnel construction plays a key role in urban transportation, railways, highways and water conservancy projects. It can effectively shorten distances, improve traffic bottlenecks, and improve space usage efficiency.
Tunnel type
Traffic tunnel:For the passage of cars, trains or subways, such as highway tunnels and MRT tunnels.
Water Conservancy Tunnel:For use in water diversion, drainage or irrigation systems.
Communications and Energy Tunnel:Laying underground pipes for cables, fiber optics, gas pipelines and other facilities.
Undersea tunnel:Crossing the seabed or river bed to connect two places, such as the Channel Tunnel.
Construction method
Cut and cover method:It is suitable for shallow areas where the ground surface is dug first and then covered and backfilled.
Shield method:Use a shield machine to excavate from the ground, suitable for urban subways or soft strata.
Drill and blast method:Drilling and blasting rocks with explosives is common in hard rock geology in mountainous areas.
Immersed tube method:Prefabricated pipe sections are sunk in the water and connected, often used in undersea tunnels.
Main structure
Lining structure:The inner wall support and waterproof function are usually made of concrete or steel.
Ventilation and lighting systems:Ensure air circulation and driving safety.
Drainage system:Prevent groundwater infiltration and water accumulation.
Escape and safety facilities:Emergency exits, firefighting equipment and monitoring systems.
Advantages and Challenges
Save surface space and reduce damage to the environment and urban landscape
Improve transportation efficiency and avoid harsh weather and terrain obstacles
The construction cost is high, the technical requirements are high, and the geological conditions must be strictly controlled.
Famous tunnel examples
Channel Tunnel (connecting Britain and France)
Japan's Seikan Tunnel (the world's longest undersea tunnel)
Gotthard Basic Tunnel in Switzerland (the longest railway tunnel in the world)
high-rise buildings
Definition and characteristics
High-rise buildings, also known as high-rise buildings, usually refer to buildings with a height of more than 50 meters or more than 14 floors. Very high-rise buildings include skyscrapers, which can reach hundreds of meters or more. High-rise buildings are often used as offices, residences, restaurants or mixed-use buildings in cities.
structural system
Frame structure:Supported by steel or reinforced concrete frames, it is suitable for medium and high-rise buildings.
Shear wall system:The wall is used to withstand lateral forces and enhance earthquake and wind resistance.
Tube-in-tube structure:The outer tube provides rigidity, while the inner tube houses elevators and stairs, often found in skyscrapers.
Core cylinder system:Concentrate the main facilities in the core of the building to improve space usage and stability.
Main building materials
Steel: high strength, lightweight, suitable for frames and connecting components.
Reinforced concrete: Provides good pressure resistance and is often used in floor slabs and shear walls.
Glass Curtain Wall: Provides a modern look with natural lighting.
Composite materials: Improve structural efficiency and durability, such as high-performance concrete and carbon fiber reinforcements.
design considerations
Structural safety:The effects of wind, earthquake and vertical load must be considered.
Evacuation and fire protection:Set up emergency exits, refuge floors, sprinkler and smoke exhaust systems.
Vertical transportation:Efficient elevator systems and zoning management are core design priorities.
Energy and environmental protection:Introduce green building concepts such as energy-saving glass, solar panels and smart air conditioners.
Advantages of high-rise buildings
Effective use of limited urban land resources
Concentrate population and business activities to drive economic development
Become a city landmark and symbol
Famous high-rise buildings
Burj Khalifa, Dubai (828 meters, the tallest building in the world)
Shanghai Tower, China (632 meters)
Taipei 101, Taiwan (508 meters)
One World Trade Center (541 meters)
Er Ding Gua
1. Definition
Erding hanging is a common exterior wall brick with a size of about 227mm × 60mm. It is mainly used for decoration and protection of building exterior walls.
2. Features
It has the characteristics of strong weather resistance, low water absorption, pollution resistance, and various colors, and is suitable for long-term exposure to the outdoor environment.
3. Material
Mainly made of clay or porcelain materials, some products have anti-slip and antibacterial functions.
4. Installation method
Common installation methods include wet pasting (using cement mortar) and dry hanging (using special hangers or adhesives).
5. Application scope
It is widely used in exterior wall decoration of residential buildings, commercial buildings, schools and public buildings.
6. Advantages
Compared with ordinary paint or other exterior wall materials, Erding bricks have higher durability and can effectively improve the beauty and protection function of the building.
Dry construction is a construction method that does not use wet materials (such as cement or mortar) and is assembled through precision-engineered prefabricated components. This method makes the construction process faster, cleaner and easier for subsequent maintenance.
Features of packaged windows
Kitted windows are factory-prefabricated window frames and glass combinations that are usually installed with dry construction. It is widely used for its stable structure and good sealing performance.
Efficient installation:The set windows are processed in the factory and only need to be assembled on site to shorten the construction time.
Good sealing:Adhesive strips or sealing materials are often used at the joints between window frames and walls, which have excellent waterproof and sound insulation properties.
Diverse design:A variety of material and appearance options can be provided based on architectural style and functional requirements.
Common materials
Aluminum alloy:Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and suitable for modern architectural styles.
Plastic steel (PVC):Affordable price, good sound insulation and thermal insulation properties.
Wooden:It has a natural texture and is suitable for traditional or high-end homes.
Composite material:Combining the advantages of different materials to improve the overall performance of windows.
Advantages of Dry Construction Kit Windows
Fast construction speed:Prefabricated components reduce on-site processing and greatly improve installation efficiency.
Construction environment is clean and tidy:No wet materials are required, reducing pollution and cleaning pressure at the construction site.
Stable quality:Factory production ensures consistent product specifications and improves the overall effect after construction is completed.
Easy maintenance:Standardized design makes subsequent maintenance and replacement more convenient.
Application occasions
Residential buildings:Widely used in high-rise apartments and villas to improve living comfort.
Commercial buildings:Suitable for office buildings and shopping malls, emphasizing functionality and aesthetics.
Industrial buildings:Suitable for factories, warehouses and other spaces where practicality needs to be emphasized.
Installation steps
Measurement and positioning:Carry out size measurement and positioning marking of window openings according to design drawings.
Fixed window frame:Place the window frame in the window opening and secure it to the wall with expansion screws or fixing pieces.
Sealing treatment:Use sealant or tape to fill the gap between the window frame and the wall.
Install glass:Insert the glass into the window frame and secure it with pressure strips or adhesive strips to ensure stability.
Detection and debugging:Check whether the window opens and closes smoothly and make necessary adjustments.
All kinds of transparent sheets
1. Glass
Glass is the most common transparent material and comes in many varieties, suitable for many occasions.
characteristic:High transparency, high hardness, brittle, high temperature resistance.
use:Windows, building curtain walls, lenses, screens.
Common types:Float glass, tempered glass, laminated glass.
2. Acrylic (PMMA, polymethylmethacrylate)
Acrylic is a transparent sheet that is lightweight and easy to process.
characteristic:High transparency (light transmittance up to 92%), light weight, easy to process, and average impact resistance.
use:Display stands, signs, lampshades, aquariums.
3. Polycarbonate (PC) board
Polycarbonate sheets have excellent strength and impact resistance and are representatives of high-performance sheets.
characteristic:Light weight, impact resistance 250 times that of glass, and good heat resistance.
use:Bulletproof glass, building skylights, greenhouse building materials.
4. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) transparent board
PVC transparent sheets are known for their low cost and chemical resistance, making them suitable for daily use.
characteristic:Lightweight, moisture-proof, chemical-resistant, and easy to process.
use:Partitions, medical protective panels, billboards.
5. Polyethylene (PE) transparent plate
Although polyethylene sheets have average transparency, they are flexible and cheap.
characteristic:Good chemical resistance, high flexibility and low price.
Highly transparent silicone sheets are flexible and resistant to high temperatures and are important materials in the fields of optics and flexible electronics.
characteristic:Soft, bendable and high temperature resistant.
Hydropower refers to the water supply, drainage and power system engineering inside the building, covering the installation, maintenance and renovation of pipelines related to water and electricity. From homes and commercial spaces to industrial facilities, water and power systems are essential infrastructure.
Hydraulic part
Water pipeline configuration and installation
Drainage system (sewage, rainwater) design and construction
Water heater, water tower and pressurized motor installation
Installation and replacement of bathroom equipment (toilet, sink, faucet, etc.)
Electrician part
Electrical wiring configuration and switchboard setup
Switches, sockets, lighting system installation
Weak current system construction (network, intercom, monitor, etc.)
Earth leakage circuit breaker and grounding system configuration
Common services
New house water and electricity configuration project
Old house water and electricity renovation and renovation
Emergency repairs for sudden water pipe rupture or circuit failure
Regular inspection and maintenance
Professional and safe
Plumbing projects need to be performed by qualified technicians or plumbers to ensure that the system is safe, durable and complies with regulations. Correct construction not only ensures the quality of daily life of residents, but also avoids potential risks such as fire and water leakage.
Bathroom
definition
Bathroom refers to the general term for spaces and equipment that provide cleaning and bathing functions in residential or commercial spaces, including bathrooms, toilets and related facilities. Bathroom design not only focuses on functionality, but also emphasizes comfort and aesthetics.
Main equipment
Toilet: divided into single type, separate type, wall-mounted type, etc.
Wash basin: countertop type, column type, under-mounted type
Bathtub and shower equipment: general bathtub, massage bathtub, dry and wet separate shower room
Faucets and showerheads: single-hole, multi-function showerheads, thermostatic faucets
Bathroom cabinets and storage: improve space usage efficiency
Common materials
Ceramic: Commonly used in toilets and sinks, durable and easy to clean
Stainless steel: mostly used for faucets and accessories, anti-rust and anti-corrosion
Glass: dry and wet separation compartments, mirrors
Artificial stone and acrylic: common materials for bathtubs and countertops
Design focus
Dry and wet separation: avoid moisture affecting comfort and cleanliness
Ventilation and lighting: Reduce musty smell and bacterial growth
Anti-slip design: improves safety of use
Save water and energy: choose water-saving toilets and thermostatic faucets
common styles
Modern minimalist style: clean lines, mainly white and gray
Nordic style: natural wood with light colors
Japanese style: focuses on warmth and simplicity, with common wood and stone elements
Luxurious style: marble, metal accessories, focusing on texture and atmosphere
Maintenance and cleaning
Clean toilets, faucets and mirrors regularly to avoid scale and stains
Maintain ventilation to reduce the chance of mold
Drainage holes need to be cleaned to avoid clogging
Check the silicone and waterproof layer to avoid leakage
toilet tank
definition
The toilet water tank is an important component of the toilet. It is responsible for storing the amount of water required for flushing and quickly releasing the water through the flushing device to achieve the effect of flushing toilet dirt. The design of the water tank affects flushing efficiency, water consumption and ease of use.
Main structure
water inlet valve: Control water inflow into the water tank and maintain stable water level.
Float or float: Sense the water level and adjust the water inlet valve switch.
drain valve: Open when flushing to allow water to flow into the toilet.
Button or lever: A device that activates the drain valve.
overflow pipe: Prevent overflow when the water level is too high and protect the safety of the water tank.
type
Single toilet tank: The water tank and toilet are integrated, beautiful and easy to install.
Separate water tank: The water tank is separated from the toilet body, making maintenance more flexible.
wall mounted water tank: Hidden in the wall, saving space, often used in modern bathrooms.
Two-stage flushing water tank: Divided into large and small flushing functions to save water.
Frequently Asked Questions and Repairs
Continuous water flow: Usually the drain valve is aging or has a poor seal, and parts need to be replaced.
Non-stop water inflow: This is usually due to a malfunction of the water inlet valve or float ball, which can be adjusted or replaced.
Insufficient water: The water inlet valve may be blocked or the water pressure may be insufficient.
Poor momentum: Check whether the water level in the water tank is too low or whether the drain valve is stuck.
Maintenance suggestions
Clean the inside of the water tank regularly to avoid accumulation of scale and impurities.
Choose good quality accessories to extend the service life.
If you encounter a water leakage problem, you should deal with it as soon as possible to avoid waste and floor damage.
When not in use for a long time, it is recommended to turn off the water inlet switch first.
waterproofing project
Plumbing projects are inseparable from waterproofing, especially in areas such as bathrooms, kitchens and balconies. Good waterproofing can not only prevent damage to the building structure, but also avoid safety hazards caused by short circuits in wires. After laying out water and electricity pipes, waterproofing reinforcement must be strictly implemented.
key construction areas
Around the nozzle:The joints between water pipes and structural walls are the weakest points most prone to leakage and need to be reinforced with non-shrink cement or elastic caulking materials.
Drop head position:A funnel-shaped waterproof layer must be constructed around the drainage hole to ensure that water can be accurately discharged into the pipe diameter.
Corner seams:An anti-cracking fiber mesh should be attached to the corner (inside corner) between the wall and the floor to increase the tensile crack resistance of the waterproof layer.
Switch socket box:The waterproof layer on the wall should cover the edge of the bottom box to prevent moisture from penetrating into the electrical box along the electrical pipes.
Comparison of waterproof material types
Material name
characteristic
Suitable for location
Elastic Cement
It is easy to construct, has strong adhesion and has basic elasticity.
Bathroom walls, general indoor floors.
Polyurethane (PU) waterproof coating
After film formation, it has excellent ductility and high weather resistance.
Rooftop rooftop and open-air balcony.
Silicic acid infiltration crystallization
Reacts with concrete to block micropores and is self-healing.
Basement and negative water pressure surface repair.
Standard implementation process
Rough embryo cleaning:Remove debris and dust from the wall and ensure that the substrate is solid, flat and slightly moist.
Pipe gap filling:After the water and electricity pipelines are positioned, fill the holes with waterproof mortar and create a slope.
Primer application:Apply a special primer to increase the adhesion between the subsequent waterproof layer and the structure.
Multi-layer mid-coat:Apply at least two coats of waterproofing material, and the two painting directions must be perpendicular to each other (crosswise).
Water accumulation test:After completion, release water to flood the ground for 24 to 48 hours to confirm that there are no signs of leakage downstairs.
Things to note:Waterproofing projects should be carried out only after the water and electricity piping is completed and the "pressure test" is correct to avoid subsequent pipe changes from damaging the waterproofing layer.
Clay work
definition
Clay work is an important type of work in construction projects. It is mainly responsible for using cement, sand, bricks, concrete and other materials to construct and repair basic structures such as walls, floors, floors, and partitions. It is one of the key links in building structure and decoration projects.
Construction of walls, painting, laying and other operations according to drawings
Construction of waterproof layer as needed
Tile laying and edge finishing
Completion maintenance and inspection and repair
Things to note
Ensure horizontal and vertical accuracy and avoid wall tilt
The waterproof layer must be carefully constructed to avoid future water leakage
Material proportions and mixing must meet standards to avoid cracks
Expansion joints must be left when laying tiles, and attention must be paid to alignment and appearance.
Wall cleaning hole
definition
Wall washing refers to the construction work of opening and drilling holes in concrete walls. It is often used for construction and decoration needs such as piping, wiring, installation of air conditioning pipelines, exhaust equipment, and fire protection facilities. The construction process requires the use of professional tools and techniques to avoid damaging the structure or causing cracks.
Common uses
Water and electricity pipes through the wall
Installation of air-conditioning copper pipes and drainage pipes
Exhaust fan and exhaust vent installation
Fire sprinkler and ventilation equipment piping
Reserved holes for elevators, stairs or other special construction needs
construction tools
Drilling machine (commonly known as hole washing machine)
Diamond drill bit (for concrete)
Cutting machines, knockout tools
Dust or water collection equipment (reduces construction mess)
Construction precautions
Confirm the wall structure and avoid drilling through main beams or load-bearing walls
If necessary, conduct a radar scan first to confirm the location of steel bars and electrical pipes.
Water-cooled drilling reduces dust and tool wear
After construction, the site should be cleaned up and holes should be repaired as necessary.
Looking for cave cleaning services
You can contact the plumbers, decoration companies or professional hole cleaners.
You can also post your needs on online job search platforms (such as Tasker, Good Master.com)
It is recommended to confirm the construction experience and equipment used to ensure quality and safety.
carpentry
Carpentry is a craft that combines mechanics, aesthetics and precision. Whether it is repairing home furniture or creating art, mastering core tools and material properties is the first step for any novice to enter this field.
Commonly used hand tools and electric equipment
Measuring tools:Tape measure, square ruler, and combination square to ensure accuracy during assembly.
Cutting equipment:Hand saws, circular saws, and miter saws are used for cutting boards at different angles and sizes.
Trimming tools:Planer, chisel, sandpaper, handle the flatness of the wood surface and mortise joints.
Permalink:Carpentry clamps, pneumatic nail guns, electric drills for structural assembly and gluing.
Common plate classifications
Material name
Feature description
Common uses
Solid Wood
The texture is natural and durable, but it is easily deformed by humidity.
High-end furniture, structural beams and columns.
Plywood
Made of multiple layers of thin wooden boards interlaced and glued together, the structure is stable and resistant to warping.
System cabinets, cubicle floors.
Coreboard
The middle is spliced with solid wood strips, and the top and bottom are covered with thin boards, which has strong support.
Large cabinets and table tops.
MDF
Made of pressed wood fiber, the surface is flat and easy to paint, but it is not resistant to moisture.
Affordable furniture and DIY gadgets.
Basic implementation process
Design and layout:Draw the design and calculate the required board dimensions.
Cutting and preparation:Cut the wood to the required size according to the drawing.
Joint construction:The frame is assembled using tenon joints, screws or gluing.
Surface treatment:Carry out polishing and sanding, and finally spray protective paint or wood wax oil.
Safety reminder:Be sure to wear goggles and a dust mask when operating woodworking machines, and keep the working environment well ventilated.
Online job search platform
definition
Online job search platforms refer to service platforms that match manpower with those in need through websites or apps. Users can search for temporary workers, technical workers, professional service personnel (such as plumbers, plasterers, carpenters, etc.) or post job opportunities. It is a common modern tool for accepting cases and recruiting workers.
Common platform types
Home repair and decoration platform
Matchmaking platform for temporary workers and dispatched workers
A platform for professional technicians and freelancers to receive cases
Exclusive recruitment platform for labor and small and medium-sized enterprises
Common platforms in Taiwan
Tasker issues a task: Provides a platform for receiving daily services such as water, electricity, moving, cleaning, and maintenance.
PRO360 Daren Network: Integrate multiple services such as decoration, water and electricity, design, and law.
Good Master Network: Focus on matching interior decoration, design and skilled workers.
Myfone Mobile Staff: A subsidiary of Chunghwa Telecom, it provides a match between professional technicians and maintenance technology.
1111 Labor Bank、104 Labor Bank: There are also vacancies for construction sites, temporary workers and technical workers.
Platform advantages
Find suitable workers or job opportunities quickly
Support online communication and quotation
Browse reviews and past cases
Improve case handling efficiency and transparency
Usage suggestions
Check the reviews and experience of the masters and choose reputable workers.
Try to complete transactions and communications within the platform to protect the rights and interests of both parties
Clearly describe requirements to avoid misunderstandings or disputes during construction
For large projects, it is recommended to sign a simple contract to protect both parties
