Vanilla plants refer to plants with strong aroma or special flavor, which are often used in cooking, making drinks, medicine and fragrance products. These plants are widely loved for their unique aroma and health benefits.
Common types of vanilla plants
Mint:It has a fresh and cool aroma and can be used in drinks, desserts and medicinal purposes.
Basil:With a rich aroma and a touch of sweetness, it is an indispensable spice in Italian cuisine.
Rosemary:The needle-like leaves have a woody and pine needle aroma and are often used in barbecue and baking.
Thyme:The aroma is delicate and slightly spicy, suitable for stews.
Lavender:It has a fresh smell and is often used in fragrances, bath products and some desserts.
Lemongrass:It has a citrus aroma and is widely used in Southeast Asian cuisine and drinks.
Uses of Vanilla Plants
Vanilla plants have many uses in daily life, including:
cooking:Enhance the flavor of food, such as mint, basil, rosemary, etc.
Medicinal:Certain herbs have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and stress-relieving properties, such as peppermint for relieving indigestion and lavender for relaxation.
Make drinks:Such as mint tea, lemongrass tea and basil sparkling water.
Fragrance products:Lavender and rosemary are commonly used in perfumes, scented candles and essential oils.
Gardening and ornamental:Herb plants are beautiful to look at, and some varieties, such as citronella and rosemary, repel mosquitoes.
Growing and caring for vanilla plants
Vanilla plants are mostly cold- or drought-tolerant plants, and their planting and care are relatively simple:
Lighting requirements:Most herb plants like basil and rosemary like sunny environments.
soil:Prefers well-drained soil and avoids excessive moisture.
Watering:Water according to plant needs and avoid soil that is too dry or too wet.
prune:Regular pruning promotes new leaf growth and keeps the plant healthy.
temperature:Adjust the planting environment according to the characteristics of the plant, such as lavender adapting to warm and dry climates.
Health Benefits of Vanilla Plants
Many vanilla plants are rich in antioxidants and essential oils, which have many health benefits:
Improve digestion:Mint and thyme help the digestive system function properly.
Relieve stress:The aroma of lavender can reduce anxiety and promote sleep.
Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial:Rosemary and thyme have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Enhance immunity:The antioxidants in vanilla help boost immune system function.
Conclusion
Vanilla plants are widely used in daily life, not only adding flavor to food but also providing numerous health benefits. Whether for cooking, wellness or gardening, vanilla plants are a valuable natural resource.
Botanical classification of vanilla plants
Lamiaceae
The Lamiaceae family is the most common family of vanilla plants, with plants typically having square stems and opposite leaves.
Basil:Commonly used in Italian and Asian cuisine.
Mint:It has a cooling effect and is used in desserts and drinks.
Rosemary:It has a pine-like aroma and is suitable for barbecue.
Thyme:Rich in aroma, suitable for stews.
Lavender:It has a fresh smell and is often used in fragrances, bath products and some desserts.
Apiaceae
Plants in the Umbelliferae family are named for their umbel-like inflorescences, and many varieties have a strong aroma.
Coriander:Both the leaves and seeds are edible and used in Asian and Latin American cuisine.
Fennel:It has a licorice flavor and is often used in Mediterranean cuisine.
Dill:The leaves are long and slender and go well with fish and salads.
Asteraceae
Flowers are the main features of the Asteraceae family, and some vanilla plants also have medicinal value.
Chamomile:Famous for its scented tea, which has a calming effect.
Dandelion:The leaves and roots have detoxifying properties.
Poaceae
Gramineae are usually tall herbs often used to add lemon aroma.
Lemongrass:It has a lemony flavor and is used in Southeast Asian cuisine.
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon):It is mostly used in tea drinks and soups.
Zingiberaceae
Plants in the Zingiberaceae family are known for their spicy flavor and medicinal properties.
Ginger:It has warming properties and is used in Chinese and Asian cuisine and for medicinal purposes.
Turmeric:The roots are golden yellow and are often used in Indian curries and health foods.
Liliaceae (Liliaceae)
Vanilla plants from the Liliaceae family often have unique flavors and are suitable for flavoring and medicinal purposes.
Garlic:It has a strong spicy flavor and is used in cuisine around the world.
Onion:It has a strong aroma and is a basic ingredient in many dishes.
Rutaceae
Rutaceae plants often have a citrus aroma and are an important source of condiments.
Kaffir Lime Leaves:Used in Southeast Asian cuisine to add a rich lemon aroma.
Orange Peel:Used to make desserts, drinks and condiments.
Rutaceae varieties (Citrus, non-leaf)
Although most Rutaceae vanilla plants have mainly leaves, some peels or flowers also fall into the category of vanilla applications.
Pomelo Blossom:The flowers are used to extract essence or make tea.
Papaveraceae
The seeds of some plants in the poppy family are used as flavorings.
Poppy Seeds:It has a nutty flavor and is often used in breads and desserts.
Verbenaceae
Cornus plants are often mistaken for Lamiaceae, but they have a unique fragrance and medicinal properties.
Verbena:It has a refreshing aroma and is often used in aromatherapy and herbal teas.
Lemon Verbena:It has a strong lemon aroma and is suitable for tea drinks and desserts.
Magnoliaceae
Certain species in the magnolia family are popular for their fragrant flowers.
Magnolia:The flowers have a unique fragrance and are often used in aromatherapy or in teas.
Salicaceae
Certain Salicaceae plants have a distinctive smell and have medicinal properties.
White Willow:Its bark contains salicylic acid, which has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.
Orchidaceae
The fruits of certain orchids have aromatic properties.
Vanilla:Vanilla pod is a natural flavor widely used in desserts.
Plant Database
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plant Database
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plant Database provides standardized information on vascular plants, mosses, lichens, and more in the United States and its territories. Users can download a complete list of plants, including scientific names, common names and family classifications, and are provided in a variety of formats for easy use.
World Flora Online is an open database dedicated to documenting known plant species from around the world. It provides complete taxonomic data and is free to download and freely used and distributed under a Public Domain (CC0 1.0 Universal) license.
Perenual provides a free API for more than 10,000 plants, covering plant images, watering needs, sun needs, growth patterns, and pest and disease information. Ideal for developers and researchers to integrate plant data into applications or perform analysis.
The TRY Plant Traits Database provides comprehensive data on plant traits, including data at 3 km and 1 km spatial resolution. Researchers can download and use it to study ecological diversity and ecosystem function.
Ensembl Plants provides plant genome data, including gene sequences, gene models, and mutation data. Suitable for genomic research and comparative analysis.
Dr. Duke’s Phytochemistry and Ethnobotany Database
Established by Dr. James A. Duke of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), this database contains rich data on phytochemicals, biological activities, and ethnobotanical applications. Downloadable chemical composition, toxicity and medicinal application data for pharmacological and ethnobotanical research.
Published by the Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew), Plants of the World Online records detailed information on seed plants around the world, including classification, identification, distribution, biological characteristics, conservation status and application value, and provides a large number of plant pictures.
The Plant Ontology Consortium provides a knowledge ontology describing the anatomical structure and developmental stages of green plants (Viridiplantae), suitable for genomics, taxonomy and systematics research.
SoyBase was established by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to specifically collect soybean genetic data, including genetic maps, gene sequences and molecular data, and is suitable for soybean research.
Ministry of Agriculture Biodiversity Research Institute
It contains rich illustrations, search tables and detailed morphological descriptions of native plants, making it suitable for field identification reference.
Provides road tree distribution maps, regular health inspection records and public green resource management functions in Taichung City's metropolitan area.
National Chung Hsing University General Affairs Office
Presents the rich tree list and greening resources on the National Chung Hsing University campus, which are often used as materials for campus environmental education.
Resource classification suggestions
If you want to check the academic catalog or species identification, it is recommended to use it firstTaiCOLandTBD; If you need to know the specific tree configuration in urban areas or campuses, you can refer toiTree systemOr the exclusive platforms of various colleges and universities.
Common trees in Taiwan
Introduction
Taiwan is located at the junction of the subtropics and the tropics, with a diverse climate and abundant rainfall, which has nurtured rich forest resources and tree species. From flatlands to mountains, diverse tree species are distributed in different environments, both native and introduced.
Common tree species at low altitudes
Banyan tree (Ficus spp.):Widely distributed on flat land, often found on roadsides or parks, it has a good shading effect.
Liquidambar formosana:The leaves turn red in autumn and it is a native broad-leaved tree in Taiwan.
Taiwanese Koelreuteria henryi:It has yellow flowers in summer and red fruits in autumn. It is often used as a street tree.
Melia azedarach:It is a deciduous tree with purple flowers in spring and spherical fruits.
Bombax ceiba:The tree is covered with red flowers in spring and is a famous landscape tree in Taiwan.
Common tree species at mid-altitudes
Taiwania cryptomerioides:Endemic to Taiwan, it is a precious coniferous tree distributed in mid-altitude mountainous areas.
Cinnamomum camphora:A large evergreen tree whose wood and camphor have important economic value.
Red juniper (Chamaecyparis formosensis):Endemic to Taiwan, the wood is durable and has a rich aroma.
Indian rosewood/Taiwan rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus):Found in low and medium altitudes, the wood is hard and has high economic value.
Common tree species at high altitudes
Taiwanese fir (Abies kawakamii):It is endemic to Taiwan and is mainly distributed in high mountain areas above 3,000 meters above sea level.
Spruce (Picea morrisonicola):It is a coniferous evergreen tree that mainly grows in the cool environment of mountains.
Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum:A unique alpine shrub in Taiwan with white or pink flowers in spring.
Alpine cork oak (Quercus glauca):Distributed in high mountain areas, it has leathery leaves and is adapted to cold climates.
Common street trees in cities
Terminalia mantaly:The tree crown has clear layers, is heat and drought tolerant, and is commonly found on both sides of roads.
Liquidambar formosana:In autumn, the red leaves are prominent and often used as a greening tree species.
Taiwanese Koelreuteria henryi:Flowers and fruits with ornamental value.
Indian Rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus):It has dense leaves and is a common shade street tree.
Featured tree species
Michelia compressa:A unique tree species in Taiwan, the wood is hard and has beautiful texture.
Cinnamomum kanehirae:A rare Lauraceae plant, Antrodia camphorata can be extracted and has high economic value.
Acacia confusa:Exotic, but widely distributed, the wood is often used for charring.
Common January flowering plants in Taiwan
Plum Blossom
Scientific name: Prunus mume Family: Rosaceae Features: January is for Taiwan plum blossomsheyday, famous plum blossom viewing locations such as Xinyi Township in Nantou, Academia Sinica, Yangmingshan and other places. The flower color is mainly white. The longer the low temperature, the denser the flowers bloom.
Taiwan Cherry
Scientific name: Prunus campanulata Family: Rosaceae Features: Also known as the Feihan Cherry Blossom, it is the earliest cherry blossom to bloom in Taiwan. Starting from about mid-to-late January, they can be seen in mountainous areas and some flat campuses.bell-shaped ptosisThe deep red flowers add a festive atmosphere on the eve of the Spring Festival.
Orange Trumpet Vine
Scientific name: Pyrostegia venusta Family: Bignoniaceae Features: Because the flowers are shaped likeFirecrackersIt is named after hanging in strings. The flowering period begins in late January and is often seen on walls and trellises. The sea of orange flowers is very spectacular and is often regarded as a symbol of welcoming spring.
Lupin
Scientific name: Lupinus micranthus Family: Fabaceae Features: Often used as a green manure plant in tea gardens. From late January, you can see it at tea gardens in Maokong, Taipei or Longtan, Taoyuan.Yellow flower stringIntertwined with the green tea gardens, it is a favorite photography subject of literati.
Cosmos
Scientific name: Cosmos bipinnatus Family: Asteraceae Features: Many farmlands in Taiwan plant cosmos as flower fertilizer during the fallow period in late winter and early spring. You can often see blockbusters in JanuaryCosmos flower sea, flower colors include red, white, and pink, swaying in the wind.
Common February flowering plants in Taiwan
1. Mountain cherry (Prunus campanulata)
Mountain cherry blossoms are the most widely distributed native species of cherry blossoms in Taiwan. Their flowers are dark red or pink and are shaped like bells. February is its peak blooming period, and it can be seen throughout Taishan Mountains such as Yangmingshan and Alishan.
2. Rhododendron
Rhododendron is known as the king of woody flowers. It begins to bloom in large numbers on the ground and on campuses (such as National Taiwan University) in mid-to-late February. Common colors include pure white, pink, bright red and purple, forming a bright flower wall.
3. Pyrostegia venusta
It is so named because the shape of its flowers resembles the firecrackers set off during the Spring Festival. February is in full bloom, and the orange flowers hang in clusters, often growing along fences or park promenades, creating a festive atmosphere.
4. Lupinus
It is commonly found in northern tea gardens (such as Maokong) and is grown as a green manure plant. In February, the golden flower spikes bloom among the tea trees. In addition to being beautiful, they also symbolize dedication to the land.
5. Lavandula
In the Xinshe or Miaoli mountainous areas of Taichung, Taiwan, February is the season when lavender is in full bloom. The sea of purple flowers and quiet fragrance make it a popular choice for spring flower viewing tours.
6. Bombax ceiba
The flowering period begins at the end of February, especially in southern Taiwan (such as Baihe Linchupi, Tainan). Large orange-red flowers bloom all over the branches, and when they fall, they present another magnificent beauty.
Common flowering plants in March in Taiwan
1. Handroanthus chrysotrichus
March is the most spectacular season for yellow-flowered campanula trees, especially in the central and southern regions. The flowers are bright golden yellow, and the corolla is funnel-shaped. When in full bloom, the entire plant is leafless, forming a brilliant sea of golden flowers.
2. Melia azedarach
Neem blooms in March with dense clusters of tiny lavender flowers. Although individual flowers are not obvious, when the whole tree blooms, it displays a cloud-like lilac beauty with a faint fragrance.
3. Wisteria sinensis
Wisteria flowers bloom in mid-to-late March, with purple inflorescences hanging down in clusters, like purple waterfalls. Mountainous areas in northern Taiwan, such as Yangmingshan or Tamsui, have famous wisteria viewing spots.
4. Citrus maxima
March is the flowering season of grapefruit trees, especially in Hualien Ruisui, Madou and other producing areas. The small white flowers emit an extremely strong and elegant fragrance, and you can smell the fresh fragrance everywhere you walk in the orchard.
5. Bauhinia variegata
Often confused with the showy redbud, but the lamb's hoof blooms mainly in March. The flowers are mostly pink to lavender in color, with obvious veins on the petals. It can often be seen blooming in campuses and parks in southern Taiwan.
6. Hollyhock (Alcea rosea)
The flowering period of hollyhocks begins around March. Because its flower stems can reach up to two meters high, it is also called Yi Zhang Hong. Large hollyhock mazes are often planted in the Xuejia area of Tainan, with colors ranging from deep red, pink, white and purple, and the visual effect is stunning.
Common May-flowering plants in Taiwan
Overview
May is the season of late spring and early summer in Taiwan. The climate is warm and humid, and it is the peak flowering period of many plants. At this time, a variety of flowers can be seen blooming from the flatlands to mid- and low-altitude mountains, forming seasonal landscapes and ecological features.
Common May Flowering Plants
Cassia fistula: Golden yellow flowers cluster on hanging branches, also known as Golden Rain, often used as street trees.
Delonix regia: The bright red to orange-red flowers bloom in sharp contrast with the green leaves, full of tropical flavor.
Vernicia fordii: White flowers are spread all over the forest, forming "May Snow", mostly found in the central and northern mountainous areas.
Melia azedarach: Small lavender flowers bloom in clusters from late spring to early summer and are often found along country roads.
Bauhinia blakeana: Large purple-red flowers, orchid-like shape, often used as garden ornamental trees.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis: Flowers bloom all year round, but are most blooming in spring and summer. Flowers come in various colors, including red, orange, yellow, pink, etc.
Tassel (Chionanthus retusus): The white slender petals are like tassels, blooming from April to May, with elegant appearance.
Caesalpinia pulcherrima: Bright orange-red flowers, long flowering period, heat-resistant and easy to manage.
Magnolia (Michelia alba): The white flowers have a strong fragrance and are often used as street or garden trees.
Viola tricolor: A cool-tolerant grass flower that continues to bloom in spring and into early summer.
May flower season features
The flowering periods are staggered, and there are many flower viewing locations: including flat parks, forest roads, mountainous areas, campuses and community roads.
Insects are active and provide food sources for bees and butterflies to reproduce.
Cultural activities are popular, such as the "Tung Blossom Festival", which is widely held in Hakka villages.
Suggested locations for flower viewing
Miaoli Sanyi, Nanzhuang (tung flower)
Kaohsiung Museum of Art, Taichung Metropolitan Park (Poinciana, Abel)
Yangmingshan, Zhonghe Furnace Land (Tassel, Hibiscus)
Common June flowering plants in Taiwan
Overview
June enters the peak of summer, which is the time when many kinds of plants in Taiwan bloom. Especially in the flatlands and low-altitude areas, colorful flowers can be seen on streets, parks and mountains. Listed below are several common flowering plants in June.
List of Common Flowering Plants
Cassia fistula:The golden cluster-like hanging inflorescences are of great ornamental value and are the representative summer flower in Taiwan.
Delonix regia:Large, bright red-orange flowers bloom on the branches and are often found in schools and parks.
Magenta tree (Tabebuia rosea):It blooms in early summer with pink or purple flowers, which are beautiful and spectacular.
Bougainvillea spp.:Flowering can be seen almost all year round, with June being one of the peak blooming periods. Flower colors include pink, purple, orange, etc.
Plumeria spp.:The petals are thick and fragrant, mostly white, yellow or pink. They are often planted in courtyards or around temples.
Senna surattensis:A small tree with bright yellow flowers, similar to Abel but with smaller flowers.
Nerium oleander:An evergreen shrub with various flower colors, toxic but drought-tolerant and beautiful.
Senna alata:The candle-shaped inflorescences of large leaves are very eye-catching.
Catharanthus roseus:Small flowers with various colors and easy to grow.
Dwarf elixir (Ixora spp.):Clusters of small flowers densely formed into balls are common in gardening or park landscaping.
Ecological observation suggestions
June is suitable for flower viewing and plant photography. You can go to botanical gardens, parks, campuses or greenways in the morning or evening to observe. Not only can you appreciate the beautiful scenery, but it will also help you understand Taiwan's diverse plant ecology.
Common July flowering plants in Taiwan
climate background
July is the peak of summer in Taiwan, with hot weather, strong sunshine and frequent afternoon thunderstorms, which is suitable for the growth and flowering of many tropical and subtropical plants. At this time, flowers are brightly colored and blooming vigorously, and you can see the sea of flowers in the city or in the countryside.
List of Common Flowering Plants
Poinciana(Delonix regia): July is the end of the flowering period, and the bright red flowers cover the branches like flames.
Abel(Cassia fistula): The golden string-shaped flower waterfall lasts from June to mid-to-late July.
Bougainvillea(Bougainvillea): High temperature promotes a more vigorous flowering period and bright colors.
Hibiscus (Hibiscus)(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis): Blooms vigorously in summer, with flowers available almost every day.
cockscomb(Celosia argentea): It has good heat resistance, enters the full bloom period in July, and has a special shape.
sunflower(Helianthus annuus): Some early-sowing varieties can bloom in July, with spectacular flower disks facing the sun.
crape myrtle(Lagerstroemia indica): Known as the "hundred-day red", it blooms continuously from July to early autumn.
lotus(Nelumbo nucifera): July is the peak of the flowering season and is commonly found in ponds and paddy fields.
Yujiuka(Monochoria vaginalis): Wetland aquatic plant with small and graceful blue-purple flowers.
water lily(Nymphaea spp.): It blooms on the water surface and has various colors. It is often enjoyed together with lotus flowers.
wild or common wild flowers
nightshade(Solanum nigrum): Small white star-shaped flowers, fruits that mature to black, commonly found on roadsides.
Xianfengcao(Bidens pilosa): The small flower with white petals and yellow heart is one of the common weeds.
Yellow-flowered wood sorrel(Oxalis corniculata): Small yellow flower with strong fecundity and can be seen almost all year round.
Suggestions for flower viewing locations
Taipei Botanical Garden (water lilies, lotus)
Chiayi Lantan Waters (Lotus)
Kaohsiung Chengcheng Lake (Poinciana)
Taichung Metropolitan Park (crape myrtle, sunflower)
Things to note
During summer outdoor activities, you should pay attention to sun protection and hydration.
Some wild plants (such as nightshade) are toxic and should not be eaten by mistake.
Common August flowering plants in Taiwan
natural environment background
August in Taiwan is the transition season from midsummer to early autumn. The climate is hot, humid, and sunny, which is suitable for the flowering of many tropical and subtropical plants. At this time, not only ornamental plants are flourishing, but many wild flowers can also be seen blooming in the wild.
List of Common Flowering Plants
Bougainvillea(Bougainvillea): has a long flowering period and rich colors (purple, red, white, pink). It is commonly found in courtyards and fences.
cockscomb(Celosia): Special shape, with comb-like, feather-like shapes, etc., bright colors, often used as potted plants or flower bed plants.
Hibiscus (Hibiscus)(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis): It can bloom all year round, especially in August, with various flower colors.
Petunia(Petunia): Mostly cultivated as annuals, heat-tolerant varieties can still bloom in late summer and are colorful.
datura flower(Brugmansia): Huge trumpet-shaped flowers that are fragrant at night or early in the morning and often found in garden landscapes.
Hollyhock(Alcea): Although it blooms mainly in early spring, some late bloomers will reappear in August.
beauty tree(Ceiba speciosa): It enters the flowering period from late August, and the large pink flowers have a tropical style.
Huanghuai(Senna spp.): Clusters of yellow flowers complement the summer sunshine.
Yujiuka(Monochoria vaginalis): an aquatic plant with small blue-purple flowers, common in fields and wetlands.
Wisteria(Wisteria): Although it is famous for its spring flowering period, some varieties will have a small amount of double flowering in August.
Common flowering plants in the wild
Yellow-flowered wood sorrel(Oxalis corniculata): Small yellow flower, commonly found on roadsides and grass.
nightshade(Solanum nigrum): small white flowers and black fruits when mature. It is a common weed.
Alisma(Alisma plantago-aquatica): aquatic plant with white or lavender flowers.
Suggestions for places suitable for viewing and taking photos
Taipei Botanical Garden
Taichung National Chung Hsing University Campus
Chiayi Lantan Moon Shadow Pond Heart Garden
Pingtung Tropical Agriculture Expo Area
Fallow flower fields in various places (such as rapeseed, zinnia, etc.)
Tips
The sunshine in August is strong, so it is recommended to view flowers in the early morning or evening.
Some flowers (such as datura and nightshade) are poisonous, so please do not eat them accidentally.
Common December flowering plants in Taiwan
Christmas red (Poinsettia)
Scientific name: Euphorbia pulcherrima Family: Euphorbiaceae Features: It is the most common seasonal plant in Taiwan during winter and Christmas. Its "flower" is actuallyred leafy bracts, the true flowers are small and located in the center of the bracts. The flowering period is mainly concentrated in winter.
Camellia
Scientific name: Camellia japonica Family: Theaceae Features: The flowers are huge, rich in color (red, pink, white or multiple colors) and elegant in posture. Taiwan’s winter is full of camelliasblooming period, there are many varieties, ranging from single to double.
Plum Blossom
Scientific name: Prunus mume Family: Rosaceae Features: Often in TaiwanLate December to January of the following yearBlooming for the first time, it is a representative flower in the cold winter season. The flowers have single or double petals, are mostly white or pink in color, and have an elegant fragrance.
Narcissus
Scientific name: Narcissus spp. Family: Amaryllidaceae Features: Mainly blooms in winter and Spring Festival, and is commonly seen in potted plants. The flowers are mostly white or yellow, withQuiet aroma。
Salvia splendens
Scientific name: Salvia splendens Family: Lamiaceae Features: Although it can be seen all year round, it is still a common potted and flower bed plant in winter. Its inflorescences are in the shape of long strings and the corolla is brightly colored.red, extremely eye-catching.
lignin
basic definition
Lignin is a type of complex organic polymer that mainly exists in the vascular bundles of land plants, especially in the cell walls of xylem (Wood). It is the most abundant natural organic polymer on earth second only to cellulose. Together with cellulose and hemicellulose, it forms the supporting skeleton of plants and is a key substance in the "lignification" of plants.
Biological functions and importance
Lignin has epoch-making significance in the history of plant evolution. It allows plants to move from an aquatic environment to land and grow upward:
Mechanical support: Lignin is filled between the cellulose structures, like cement in concrete, providing extremely strong compressive and flexural strength, allowing trees to grow to tens of meters high.
Moisture transport: Because lignin is hydrophobic (not hydrophilic), it makes xylem vessels impermeable to water, ensuring efficient transport of water and minerals from the roots to the crown.
Defense mechanism: Its structure is extremely stable and difficult to be degraded by most microorganisms. This chemical barrier protects plants from fungal invasion, insect feeding and physical damage.
Chemical structure and composition
Lignin is not a single substance, but a group of three-dimensionally structured phenolic polymers. It is mainly composed of three types of monolignols (Monolignols):
p-Hydroxyphenylpropane unit (H unit): mainly found in herbaceous plants and vascular plants that evolved earlier.
Guaiacylpropane unit (G unit): It is the main component of coniferous tree (softwood) lignin.
Syringylpropane unit (S unit): Found mainly in broadleaf trees (hardwoods).
Different tree species (for example, the aforementioned beech tree is a hardwood, while pine is a softwood) have different lignin ratios, which directly affects the hardness, toughness and ease of industrial processing of the wood.
Industrial and Environmental Values
In the traditional paper industry, lignin is considered an impurity that must be removed because it causes paper to become brittle and yellow. However, with the rise of the circular economy, the value of lignin is being re-evaluated:
Biofuels: As a renewable carbon source, lignin can be converted into biodiesel or fuel gas.
Green chemicals: can be refined into flavors (such as synthetic vanilla extract), high-performance adhesives or dispersants.
Carbon sequestration: Lignin in plants is one of nature’s long-term ways to store carbon and plays an important role in mitigating climate change.
C4 loop
Basic concepts
The C4 cycle (C4 photosynthesis) is a special photosynthetic pathway evolved by some plants to reduce photorespiration and improve photosynthetic efficiency. C4 plants are mainly distributed in high-light, dry, and hot environments, such as corn, sugar cane, barnyard grass, etc.
Main mechanism
Initial fixation:In mesophyll cells, CO2It is fixed by the enzyme PEP carboxylase into a four-carbon compound (oxalacetic acid, later converted to malic acid or aspartic acid).
transportation:Four-carbon compounds are transported to bundle sheath cells.
Release CO2：In bundle sheath cells, four-carbon compounds release CO2, locally increase CO2Concentration, which is beneficial for Rubisco to carry out the Calvin cycle.
Regeneration cycle:The three-carbon compound is returned to the mesophyll cells to regenerate PEP to participate in the cycle.
Features
Effectively reduce photorespiration and improve carbon fixation efficiency.
Suitable for high light, high temperature and drought environments.
Can maintain photosynthesis when the stomata are partially closed.
representative plant
corn
sugar cane
Sorghum
tares
C3 vs. C4 Plants Comparison
project
C3 plants
C4 plants
first fixed compound
Three-carbon compound (3-PGA)
Four-carbon compound (oxalacetic acid)
main enzyme
Rubisco
PEP Carboxylase + Rubisco
environmental adaptation
Cool, moist, moderately sunny
Heat, drought, high light
photorespiration
Significantly
Very rarely
representative plant
Rice, wheat, soybeans
Corn, sugarcane, sorghum
Magnolias
camphor tree
Introduction
Cinnamomum camphora is a plant in the Lauraceae family. It is an evergreen tree widely distributed in Taiwan, China, Japan and other places. Camphor tree is a common native plant in Taiwan. It not only has important ecological and economic value, but is also closely related to culture and beliefs.
Main features
Tree height:It can reach 20 to 30 meters, with a broad and dense crown.
Bark:Gray-brown, with fine lines or cracks, and the skin of old trees is rough.
blade:Leathery single leaves, oval or oval in shape, with glossy leaves and a special aroma after being rubbed.
Flowers:Small pale yellow flowers bloom in spring, growing in clusters and arranged in panicles.
fruit:It is a spherical berry that is black or purple-black when ripe.
Distribution and growth environment
country of origin:Widely distributed in East Asia, including Taiwan, southern China and Japan.
Suitable environment:It likes a warm and humid environment, tolerates shade and has strong adaptability to soil.
Altitude distribution:It mostly grows in low to mid-altitude areas with an altitude of 500 to 1500 meters.
Planting site in Taiwan: Science Museum No. 1, National Chiao Tung University
use
Wood usage:Camphor tree wood is hard, durable and corrosion-resistant, and is often used in building materials, furniture and sculptures.
Camphor extraction:Camphor tree is the main source of camphor, which is widely used in pharmaceuticals, preservatives and chemical industries.
Ornamental purpose:Camphor trees are often used as street trees and garden trees because of their beautiful shape and evergreen color.
Medicinal:Camphor leaves, roots and bark are used in traditional Chinese medicine to dispel wind, relieve pain and reduce swelling.
cultural significance
The camphor tree symbolizes longevity and prosperity in traditional Taiwanese culture and is often planted in temples and villages as a protective tree.
Old camphor trees are common across Taiwan, and many of them have been listed as ancient trees for protection and have historical and cultural value.
Taiwan's famous camphor tree
Large camphor tree in Deer Valley:Located in Lugu Township, Nantou County, it is a famous century-old tree.
Big camphor tree in the Temple of Heaven:Located in Guanxi Town, Hsinchu County, it is an important local natural landscape.
Big camphor tree sacred tree:Distributed in many towns and villages, they are often combined with local beliefs.
black heart stone
Introduction
Michelia compressa is a plant of the genus Michelia in the Magnoliaceae family and is a unique evergreen tree in Taiwan. Known for its graceful tree shape, hard wood, and resistance to wind and salt, Wuxinshi is widely distributed in natural forests in low- to mid-elevation areas of Taiwan and is an important economic and ecological tree species.
Main features
Tree height:It can reach 20 to 30 meters, and the crown is conical or oval.
Bark:Grayish brown or dark brown, smooth or slightly cracked surface.
blade:Leathery single leaves, oval or oblong, with smooth and shiny leaves and slightly wavy edges.
Flowers:The flowering period is in spring. The flowers are light yellow or milky white, have a strong fragrance, and are about 5 to 8 cm in diameter.
fruit:Aggregate fruit, dark red or brown when mature, with black and shiny seeds.
Distribution and growth environment
country of origin:Endemic to Taiwan.
Growth environment:Distributed in low to mid-altitude areas at an altitude of 500 to 1500 meters, it adapts to warm and humid climates.
patience:It is wind and salt resistant and suitable for growing near the coast or in areas with strong winds.
use
Wood usage:Blackstone wood has fine texture, is hard and durable, and is often used in the production of high-end furniture, floors, ships and handicrafts.
Horticultural uses:Because of its beautiful tree shape, it is often used in landscaping and street tree planting.
Medicinal value:The bark and leaves are used in folk medicine to treat swelling, pain and inflammation.
ecological value
Black heart stone plays an important ecological role in natural forests, providing habitat and food source for birds and insects.
Due to its resistance to wind and salt, it is suitable for planting in coastal areas to prevent soil erosion.
conservation status
Due to the economic value of black heart stone, its wood has been over-harvested, causing its natural distribution to be affected. At present, some areas in Taiwan have listed black heart stone as a protected tree species, and artificial planting and seedling cultivation are carried out to promote the sustainable use of resources.
monocotyledons
Orchidaceae
Introduction
Orchidaceae is one of the largest plant families among angiosperms, containing about 28,000 known species and thousands of hybrids, distributed all over the world, with the richest diversity in the tropics.
feature
The flowers are highly symmetrical, mostly bilaterally symmetrical (bilaterally symmetrical).
The petals are specialized to form a lip, which is used to attract pollinators.
The stems form pseudobulbs, which are used to store water and nutrients.
The root system is mostly aerial, with a layer of tissue called the root integument on the surface, which can absorb moisture and nutrients from the air.
Growth environment
Orchids are highly adaptable and can grow in a variety of environments:
Epiphytic: Attached to tree trunks or rocks, such as Phalaenopsis.
Terrestrial: Grows on the ground, such as oncidium.
Saprophytic: Relying on humus to provide nutrients, such as Zhenlanlan.
use
Orchid plants have various uses in human life:
Ornamental purpose:Such as Phalaenopsis, Cattleya, and Dendrobium.
Cash crops:For example, vanilla orchid, its pods are the source of vanilla extract.
Medicinal plants:Some species are used in traditional medicine.
Common types
Phalaenopsis
Cattleya
Dendrobium
Vanda
Oncidium
duckgrass
Gramineae
Overview
Gramineae is one of the largest families of monocots and includes a variety of herbaceous plants, such as rice, wheat, bamboo, corn, etc. These plants play an important role in ecosystems and human economies.
Morphological characteristics
Gramineae plants usually have the following characteristics:
The stems are mostly hollow with obvious internodes.
The leaves are long and narrow, with veins arranged in parallel.
The flowers are small and petalless, mostly in spikes or panicles.
The fruits are usually caryopsis.
Distribution and ecology
Gramineae are widely distributed in almost all climatic regions around the world, from tropical rainforests to cold tundra zones. They are adaptable, can grow in poor soil, and play an important role in preventing soil erosion.
economic value
Gramineae plants play an important role in human agriculture and economy. Their main uses include:
Food crops: such as rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, etc.
Feed crops: such as pasture and alfalfa.
Building materials: such as bamboo.
Other uses: such as pulp raw materials, biofuels.
Millet
Introduction
Millet (scientific name: Setaria italica), commonly known as "millet", is an annual cereal crop of the Poaceae family and one of the earliest cereals cultivated by humans. Millet has the characteristics of adapting to drought, tolerating barrenness, and having a short maturity period. It was an important staple food crop in ancient China, India, and Africa.
Main features
Plant height:Generally 60 to 150 cm.
blade:The leaves are narrow and linear, loosely arranged, and the leaf sheaths are hairy.
inflorescence:Terminal racemes, cylindrical or slightly curved, with seeds densely arranged.
fruit:It is a caryopsis with small yellow or reddish-brown color and gloss, which is called "millet".
Distribution and growth environment
country of origin:Northern China.
Distribution range:It is widely cultivated in arid or semi-arid areas of Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe.
Growing conditions:It is drought tolerant, resistant to barrenness, has low climate requirements, and is suitable for planting in sandy soil.
use
Grain use:The seeds can be cooked, milled or brewed, and were one of the early staple foods in the north.
Feed use:The whole plant can be used as green fodder for livestock such as cattle and horses.
Cultural uses:In traditional Chinese farming society, broomcorn millet and millet are listed as one of the "five grains", which have profound cultural significance.
nutritional value
Millet is rich in carbohydrates, protein, dietary fiber and a variety of vitamins and minerals.
Gluten-free and suitable for those with gluten allergies.
History and Culture
Millet is an important food crop in ancient China. Millet is mentioned many times in the Book of Songs, symbolizing harvest and sacrifice.
In ancient rituals, millet wine or cakes were used as sacrifices, and they were included in the "five grains" together with millet and millet.
Sorghum
Basic introduction
Sorghum (scientific name:Sorghum bicolor) is an annual cereal crop of the Gramineae family, native to Africa and now widely cultivated in Asia, America and Africa. It is drought and heat resistant, suitable for dry and semi-arid areas, and is the fifth largest food crop in the world.
plant characteristics
The stems are thick and can reach more than 2 meters.
The leaves are similar to corn, but narrower and longer.
Spikes, seeds of various colors, ranging from white, yellow, red to black.
It is a C4 plant with high photosynthesis efficiency and is particularly suitable for high temperature environments.
use
food:The seeds can be used to make sorghum rice, porridge, and flour, and are used as the main food source in some areas.
Winemaking:It is the main raw material for Chinese liquor (such as Moutai, Fenjiu, etc.).
feed:The leaves and stems can be used as livestock feed, and the seeds can also be fed to poultry.
industry:Some sorghum varieties can be used in the biomass energy and starch industries.
nutritional value
Rich in starch, it is the main source of energy.
Contains protein and dietary fiber to aid digestion.
Contains polyphenols and antioxidants, which are good for health.
Gluten-free and suitable for those with gluten allergies.
Origin and output
Main producing countries: United States, India, Nigeria, Sudan, Nigeria.
In China, it is widely distributed in North China, Northwest China and Northeast China.
It has strong adaptability and can grow in poor soil and low rainfall environment.
cultural significance
In traditional Chinese wine culture, sorghum is the core raw material for wine making.
In some areas, sorghum symbolizes harvest and resilience.
date palm
plant properties
The date palm is an evergreen tree of the genus Date Palm in the family Palmaceae, which can reach a height of more than 20 meters. Its trunk is thick and its surface is covered with traces of the base of dead leaves. The leaves are pinnately compound, up to 4-6 meters long, extending outward in an arc, and the crown is beautiful and tropical. The fruit is an oval drupe, yellow to brown when ripe, sweet and edible.
Also known as date palm
Distribution and origin
Date palm is native to the Middle East and North Africa and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. It is now commonly planted in coastal areas and tropical gardens around the world.
Planting site in Taiwan: Science Museum No. 1, National Chiao Tung University
Main purpose
Date palms have many uses. Their fruits are rich in sugar and are an important food source. They can also be used to make preserves, jams and drinks. Its trunk and leaves are used in construction, crafts and fuel. In addition, date palm has extremely high ornamental value and is a commonly used tree species in garden landscaping and urban greening.
Cultivation and management
Date palm is highly drought-tolerant and likes a sunny environment. It is suitable for cultivation in well-drained sandy soil and can also adapt to mild saline-alkali soil. During planting, dead leaves and fruit residues need to be cleaned regularly, and appropriate fertilizers should be applied to promote growth. The prevention and control of pests and diseases is the focus of management. For example, coconut leaf beetle and leaf blight need to be dealt with in time.
dicotyledons
super rose
Liquidambar
plant properties
Liquidambar is a deciduous tree of the genus Liquidambar in the Hamamelidaceae family, which can reach a height of 30 meters. The trunk is straight and the bark is grey-brown, with cracks appearing as the tree ages. The leaves are palmately three-lobed and turn bright red or golden yellow in autumn, making them of great ornamental value. The fruit is a capsule, spherical in shape, which splits to release seeds when mature.
Distribution and origin
Liquidambar is widely distributed in southern, central and southwestern China. It is commonly found in mountains and hilly areas at low to medium altitudes. It is also found in Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries.
Taiwan planting point: Miao 36
Main purpose
Liquidambar has many uses. Its resin, called "liquid balsam," is a traditional Chinese medicine used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and treat skin conditions. The wood is strong and durable, suitable for construction, furniture and appliance making. In addition, liquidambar is a very popular ornamental tree species due to its red leaves in autumn and is widely used in garden landscaping and road greening.
Cultivation and management
Liquidambar has strong adaptability and likes a warm and humid climate. It is suitable for cultivation in neutral or acidic soil with good drainage. During the cultivation process, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, such as liquidambar spot disease and insect infestation, and regular pruning is required to maintain the tree shape and promote growth.
beans
weeping willow
plant properties
Weeping willow is a deciduous tree of the genus Salix in the family Salicaceae, which can reach a height of 15-20 meters. The crown of the tree is unfolded and umbrella-shaped, the branches are soft and drooping, and the bark is gray-brown. The leaves are long and narrow, lanceolate, light green, change with the seasons, and fall off in autumn and winter. It blooms in spring in catkins and the fruit is a small capsule.
Distribution and origin
Weeping willow is native to China and is widely distributed in many parts of Asia, especially in temperate and subtropical regions. Commonly found on river banks, lakesides, gardens and roadsides.
Taiwan planting point: Miao 36
Main purpose
Known for its graceful posture and soft branches, weeping willow is a tree species of great ornamental value and is widely used in garden landscaping. It can also play the role of windbreak, sand fixation, bank protection and soil protection. In addition, willow branches are rich in salicylic acid, which can be used to make medicines, and the young branches can also be used to weave baskets and other daily necessities.
Cultivation and management
Weeping willow likes a humid environment, has strong adaptability, and is tolerant of water, humidity and barrenness. However, the best growth environment is moist soil with good drainage, and it can grow in full sun or semi-shade. During cultivation, branches need to be pruned regularly to maintain the shape of the tree, and attention should be paid to preventing and controlling pests and diseases, such as poisonous moth and leaf spot.
tallow tree
plant properties
Chinese tallow tree is a deciduous tree of the genus Chinese tallow tree in the family Euphorbiaceae, reaching a height of 10 to 15 meters. The bark is gray-white or light brown, and the leaves are broadly oval or diamond-shaped, turning into brilliant colors such as bright red and golden yellow in autumn. The flowers are yellow-green in spikes, and the fruit is a capsule, which is black when mature and has waxy seeds.
Distribution and origin
Chinese tallow trees are widely distributed in southern, central China and the Yangtze River Basin. They are also found in Vietnam, Japan and other places. They often grow on river banks, hills and around villages.
Planting site in Taiwan: Tian Jiabing Optoelectronics Building, Jiaotong University, Hsinchu. Chun'an Elementary School, Nantun, Taichung.
Main purpose
Chinese tallow trees have important economic and ornamental value. Its seeds are rich in tallow oil, which can be used to make soaps, lubricants and biodiesel; the bark and leaves contain medicinal ingredients and can be used to treat sores and carbuncles. In addition, tallow trees are an excellent ornamental tree species due to their bright leaves in autumn and are widely used in garden landscaping.
Cultivation and management
Chinese tallow tree likes sunshine and does not have high soil requirements. It can adapt to sandy soil and mild saline-alkali soil, but it is better to use well-drained loam. During cultivation, regular pruning is required to promote growth, and attention should be paid to preventing and controlling pests and diseases, such as poisonous moth and leaf spot, to ensure the healthy development of trees.
Tung oil
Introduction
Tung oil (scientific name:Vernicia fordii) is a deciduous tree of the Euphorbiaceae family and one of the common early spring flowering trees in Taiwan. Originally native to southwest China, it was introduced to Taiwan in the early days and cultivated as an economic crop to extract tung oil. The tung flower is as white as snow, and its flowering period is concentrated from April to May every year, forming a spectacular "May Snow", which is an important cultural symbol of the Hakka region.
Morphological characteristics
Trunk and branches
Tung trees can reach a height of 10 meters, with upright trunks, gray-white bark and smooth surface. The leaves are large, heart-shaped or three-lobed, arranged alternately, and the leaves are dark green and shiny.
flowers
The flowers are white with five petals, with a light red or pink stripe in the center. The flowers are in terminal racemes. When they bloom, the tree is covered with snow-white. Male and female flowers often appear simultaneously in the same inflorescence. The flowering period is from late April to mid-May.
fruit
The fruit is a capsule, which is yellow-brown when mature and contains several seeds. The fruit will split automatically after it falls to the ground. The seeds are rich in oil and can be squeezed for oil.
Growth environment
It likes a warm and humid climate and is suitable for subtropical areas.
Good light and well-drained sandy loam soil is preferred.
It is more common in mountainous areas with medium and low altitudes, such as Miaoli, Nantou, and Hsinchu mountain forests.
Reproduction method
seed propagation: Seeds can be sown in autumn and winter and will sprout the next spring.
Main purpose
Raw materials for oil extraction: The seeds can be squeezed into "tung oil", which is an important coating for traditional woodware, furniture, and lacquerware.
Landscape tree species: Due to its beautiful flowers, it is widely planted on mountain trails, parks and campuses.
cultural symbol: It is a representative plant of Hakka culture and is closely related to the "Tung Blossom Festival".
Culture and Festivals
From April to May every year, the "Hakka Tung Blossom Festival" is held grandly in Miaoli, Nanzhuang, Hsinchu, Taoyuan and other places.
The tung flower is often regarded as a symbol of purity and nostalgia, appearing in poetry, paintings and literary works.
Things to note
The fruits and seeds of tung tree are poisonous to human body, and accidental ingestion may cause poisoning reactions.
There are many fallen flowers and fruits, so planting near sidewalks requires regular cleaning to avoid slipping.
bayberry
plant properties
Bayberry belongs to the evergreen tree or shrub of the Myricaceae genus of the order Fagaceae and can reach a height of 10 meters. The leaves are lanceolate or oblong, and the fruit is round with many small protrusions on the surface. It turns red or purple when mature and tastes sour and sweet.
Distribution and origin
Bayberry is native to southern China, widely distributed in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and other places, and is widely cultivated in other subtropical areas.
Taiwan planting point: Miao 36
Main purpose
The fruits of bayberry can be eaten raw and are also commonly used to make juice, jam, wine, etc. Its wood is tough and can be used to make furniture, and its bark and roots can be used as medicine and have certain medicinal value.
Cultivation and management
Bayberry is suitable for planting in warm and humid climates and likes acidic soil. Care must be taken to prevent and control pests and diseases such as bayberry aphids and anthracnose.
Green oak
Introduction
Cyclobalanopsis glauca, a plant belonging to the genus Quercus of the Fagaceae family, is an evergreen tree widely distributed in East Asia, including China, Taiwan and Japan. Known for its hard wood, shade and wind resistance, Quercus viridis is often used for silviculture, slope stabilization and providing ecological habitat.
Main features
Tree height:Usually up to 10 to 25 meters tall, with a round or oval crown.
Bark:Grayish brown or dark brown, rough and cracked surface.
blade:Leathery single leaves, the leaves are oblong in shape, the leaf margins are wavy and have small serrations, and the leaf surface is dark green and shiny.
fruit:Nuts are wrapped in cup-shaped husks. Ripe fruits are brown or dark brown and round in shape.
Root system:Developed, it can effectively consolidate soil and prevent erosion.
Distribution and growth environment
Distribution area:Mainly distributed in southern China, Taiwan, Japan and the Himalayas.
Growth environment:It has strong adaptability, tolerates shade and drought, and likes a warm and humid climate. It mostly grows on hillsides or valleys at low to medium altitudes.
Soil requirements:Suitable for well-drained acidic or slightly acidic soil.
Planting spots in Taiwan:On the west side of Section 5, Shangshan Road, Taichung.
use
Wood usage:The wood of Qinggang Oak is hard and corrosion-resistant, and is often used in construction, furniture making and agricultural tool processing.
Greening purposes:Due to its wind resistance and deep root characteristics, Quercus viridis is often used in slope stabilization, afforestation and greening projects.
Ecological value:The fruits are an important food source for wildlife, and the canopy provides bird habitat.
cultural and economic value
Quercus viridis is regarded as an important tree species for windbreak and slope stabilization in many areas and has made significant contributions to protecting the environment.
Its wood has historically had economic value in rural construction and traditional tool making due to its high durability.
conservation status
Quercus viridis faces the challenge of over-logging in some areas, but due to its strong adaptability and good artificial reforestation effects, it is not currently listed as an endangered plant. However, reasonable management and protection measures still need to be promoted to ensure the sustainable development of their ecological and economic values.
mulberry
Introduction
Mulberry (scientific name: Morus) is a genus of deciduous trees or shrubs in the Moraceae family, native to warm areas in Asia, Africa and America. The mulberry tree is famous for its leaves, which are the main food of silkworms, and its fruits, which are also of edible value.
feature
The bark is grey-brown with obvious longitudinal cracks.
The leaves are simple, variable in shape, and may be oval, heart-shaped, or lobed.
The flowers are unisexual, in catkins, monoecious or dioecious.
The fruit is an aggregate fruit, which is red, purple or black when ripe and is sweet and edible.
Growth environment
Mulberry trees are highly adaptable and can grow in a variety of environments. They are commonly found in warm plains and mountains. Prefers full sun and well-drained soil, but can tolerate slightly saline soil.
use
Mulberry trees have many uses in human life:
Sericulture:Mulberry leaves are the main food of silkworms.
Fruit consumption:Mulberries are rich in vitamins and antioxidants and can be eaten raw or made into jam and juice.
Medicinal:Mulberry leaves, mulberry bark, mulberry branches, etc. are used in traditional Chinese medicine to clear away heat and lower blood pressure.
Wood usage:Mulberry wood is hard and can be used to make utensils or furniture.
Common types
White mulberry (Morus alba): commonly used for sericulture.
Red mulberry (Morus rubra): Native to North America, the fruit is sweet.
Black mulberry (Morus nigra): native to West Asia, the fruit is large and sweet and sour.
Paper mulberry
Introduction
Broussonetia papyrifera (scientific name: Broussonetia papyrifera) belongs to the genus Broussonetia of the Moraceae family. It is a deciduous tree or shrub native to East Asia, including Taiwan, China, Japan and Southeast Asia. Paper mulberry grows quickly and is highly adaptable. It is commonly found on hillsides, roadsides and abandoned farmlands in Taiwan. Its bark fiber can be made into paper and is an important raw material for traditional production of "bark paper".
Morphological characteristics
trunk
The trunk height is about 10 to 15 meters, and it has good uprightness. The bark is grey-brown or light brown, rough in texture, rich in fiber and easy to peel off. It is a traditional source of paper-making materials.
branches and leaves
The branches are hairy and slightly sticky. The leaf shape is variable, and palmately lobed leaves, heart-shaped leaves and oval leaves can often be seen on the same plant, with serrated leaf edges. The leaves are rough and densely hairy on the back.
flowers
Broussonetia mulberry is a dioecious plant. The male flowers are drooping long spikes, about 5 to 10 cm long, light yellow-green. The female flowers are in flower heads, and the flowering period is from March to May in spring.
fruit
The fruit is an aggregated achene, which is orange or red when mature and resembles a mulberry in shape. The flesh is soft and juicy, edible but has an ordinary taste. The fruiting period is from May to July.
Growth environment
It is extremely adaptable and can grow in poor soil and harsh environments.
It likes light but can also tolerate semi-shade; it is drought-resistant, cold-resistant and wind-resistant.
Commonly found in cultivated land, roadsides, riverbanks and wastelands, it is a pioneer plant.
Reproduction method
seed propagation: After the fruit matures, the seeds can be collected for sowing, and the germination rate is high.
root tiller propagation: Broussonetia mulberry has a strong root system, and new seedlings often sprout from the roots and reproduce quickly.
Main purpose
Papermaking materials: Bark fiber is an important raw material for traditional East Asian paper (such as Japanese paper, rice paper, and bark paper).
fodder crops: The leaves have high protein content and can be used as livestock feed.
Edible use: The ripe fruits are edible and the leaves are used for tea in some areas.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Uses: The roots, bark and leaves can be used as medicine and have the effects of clearing away heat, stopping bleeding and diuresis.
Cultivation and maintenance
watering: Appropriate watering is required during the seedling stage, and it is drought-tolerant after adulthood.
prune: It grows rapidly and should be pruned regularly to control height and expansion.
pests and diseases: Less pests and diseases, but susceptible to being eaten by leaf cicadas and caterpillars.
cultural and ecological values
Paper mulberry is part of the traditional papermaking culture and carries the profound craft heritage of East Asia.
It is a common native tree species in Taiwan. It has pioneer plant characteristics and is helpful for vegetation restoration and soil and water conservation.
Some indigenous peoples use its bark to make clothing or fabric materials, which has cultural significance.
beech tree
Plant characteristics and forms
Zelkova (scientific name: Zelkova serrata) is a large deciduous tree of the genus Zelkova in the family Ulmaceae. It is native to East Asia, including Taiwan, China, Japan and South Korea. Its growth habits and appearance are highly recognizable:
Trunk and bark:The trunk is straight and the bark is grey-brown. As the tree ages, the bark will peel off in irregular sheets, leaving cloud-like traces. This is an important feature for identifying beech trees.
Leaf characteristics:The leaves are alternate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, and the leaf margins have significantSharp serrations(jagged edges), slightly rough to the touch.
Seasonal colors:As a deciduous tree, the leaves of the zelkova tree will turn yellow or reddish-brown during low temperatures in autumn and winter, adding depth to the landscape.
The reason why the zelkova tree is called "zelkova" is closely related to its growth posture. The main trunk of the beech tree is straight, the branch points are usually higher, and the large branches grow radially upward at a smaller angle, presenting a beautiful appearance.Inverted coneor fan-shaped crown. Looking up from the ground, its dense branches are like countless hands "lifting" the leaves and blue sky to the sky, giving people a visual sense of striving upward and reaching into the clouds.
You can observe the crown of the zelkova tree. Even after the leaves fall in winter, its thin and dense branches still maintain remarkable beauty.V-shaped arrangement, the overall structure is stable and symmetrical, which is also an important feature that distinguishes it from other deciduous trees (such as liquidambar or tallow tree).
Wood properties and status
In the history of Taiwan’s forestry, zelkova is listed as one of the “Five Broad-leafed Woods”, along with blackwood, eucalyptus, camphor and pistacia, which means its wood is of extremely high quality.
Its wood is extremely hard, heavy and wear-resistant, and its wood texture has beautiful luster and wavy patterns. In the early days, it was often regarded as a high-grade material for construction and furniture, especially for making beams, floors or agricultural tool handles.
Cultural Imagery and Symbols
Since "Beech" and "Ju" have the same pronunciation, in traditional culture, the beech tree is often given a symbol of auspiciousness:
Success and fame:During the imperial examination era, there was a common saying among the people that "if a home has a zelkova tree, it is certain that one will pass the exam", which symbolizes that students can advance upward like the branches of the zelkova tree and eventually achieve fame.
Talented people:Beech is an extremely hard material (as famous as black heart stone) and is often used as a beam or pillar in buildings. This also corresponds to the physical property of "lifting" heavy tasks, symbolizing the ability to take on big responsibilities.
Analysis of the name of chicken fat
Taiwanese people often refer to beech trees as "chicken fat", but they are often confused with "guangwa trees" in the market and in forest observations. The following table illustrates the differences between the two:
feature
Zelkova (Taiwan Zelkova)
balsamic tree (white chicken fat)
Leaf arrangement
Mutual growth
Opposite
leaf margin
Significantly jagged
Full edge (smooth)
peeling bark
round cloud flakes
long strips of peeling
Commonly known as
Red chicken fat (due to the reddish color of the material)
White chicken fat (due to the white color of the material)
Ecological and environmental values
Beech trees not only have economic value, but also play an important role in ecology and landscape:
Soil and water conservation:Beech tree has deep and wide root system and excellent soil-fixing ability. It is a good tree species for restoring collapsed lands.
Landscaping:Due to its beautiful crown and changing leaf characteristics, it is often planted in campuses, parks and as street trees.
Biodiversity:Its seeds are a food source for many wild birds and small rodents, and its fallen leaves improve soil organic matter.
Distribution and origin
Taiwan planting point: Taichung Fuxing Radio Station
Cherry blossoms
Overview
Sakura is a plant of the genus Prunus in the Rosaceae family. It is a deciduous tree or shrub mainly distributed in East Asia, including Japan, China and South Korea. Cherry blossoms are beloved for their colorful flowers and are one of the symbols of spring.
Morphological characteristics
Sakura has the following characteristics:
Flowers: The petals are five or double, mostly pink or white in color, and some varieties have a light fragrance.
Leaves: mostly oval or long-ovate, with serrated edges.
Trunk: The bark is smooth and mostly gray or brown in color.
Distribution and growth environment
Cherry blossoms are highly adaptable and mostly grow in hills or flatlands in temperate areas. It is light-loving and cold-tolerant, and is suitable for planting in well-drained and fertile soil.
Planting spots in Taiwan:Hsinchu Ligusticum Minshi Garden.
cultural significance
Cherry blossoms have profound cultural significance in several countries:
Japan: Sakura symbolizes transience and beauty, and is connected to the tradition of "Hanami".
China: Cherry blossoms represent purity and love and often appear in poetry and paintings.
South Korea: Cherry blossoms are often the main attraction in spring celebrations.
Main purpose
In addition to their ornamental uses, cherry blossoms also have the following applications:
Horticulture: As an important ornamental tree species in gardens and parks.
Ingredients: Flower petals can be used to make cherry blossom tea, salted cherry blossoms and other foods.
Artistic creation: Become a source of inspiration in photography, painting and literary works.
leguminous plants
Introduction
Fabaceae is the third largest family of angiosperms, containing about 19,500 species, distributed all over the world, from tropical rainforests to temperate grasslands. Legumes play an important role in the ecosystem due to their unique rhizobial symbiotic properties.
feature
The flowers are mostly butterfly-shaped flowers or cymes with various shapes.
The fruits are usually pods, which naturally split open to disperse the seeds when ripe.
Most of the leaves are pinnately compound leaves, and a few are single leaves or triple compound leaves.
The roots often live in symbiosis with rhizobia and can fix nitrogen in the atmosphere.
Growth environment
Legumes are highly adaptable and can grow in a variety of environments:
Tropical rainforest: such as Acacia.
Dry areas: such as Robinia pseudoacacia.
Farmland and grassland: such as alfalfa (Medicago) and clover (Trifolium).
use
Legumes are extremely valuable in human life:
Edible crops:Such as soybeans, peas, broad beans, mung beans, etc. provide protein sources.
Feed plants:Alfalfa and clover are important pasture grasses.
Green manure plants:Such as pig dung beans, which help improve soil fertility.
Ornamental plants:Such as Sophora japonica and Wisteria.
Common types
Soybean (Glycine max)
Pea (Pisum sativum)
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Cassia fistula
Wisteria sinensis
sandalwood
Introduction
Sandalwood belongs to the Fabaceae family and is a general term that includes multiple tree species, such as rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus), rosewood (Dalbergia spp.) and black sandalwood (Diospyros spp.). Sandalwood has always been widely used in architecture, furniture and art carvings due to its hard wood, fine texture and strong durability. Sandalwood plays an important role in culture and economy.
Main features
Tree height:Depending on the species, the height varies from medium to large trees.
blade:Most of them are pinnately compound leaves, and the leaves are green or dark green.
Flowers:Small flowers, usually white or yellow, fragrant.
fruit:Pod-shaped fruit containing seeds.
wood:The colors are diverse, including purple-red, deep black, yellow-brown, etc., and the texture is fine and fragrant.
Distribution and growth environment
Distribution area:Tropical and subtropical regions, such as Southeast Asia, India, Africa and Taiwan.
Suitable environment:It likes sunlight and adapts to well-drained soil, but environmental requirements vary depending on the variety.
Main types
Rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus):Sandalwood is one of the most common types of sandalwood in Taiwan. It has hard wood and beautiful texture.
Dalbergia spp.:Also known as rosewood, it includes many precious species and is often used in the production of high-end furniture.
Ebony (Diospyros spp.):The wood is dark black with a tight grain and is often used in art and musical instruments.
use
Wood usage:Sandalwood is used to make furniture, flooring, musical instruments and crafts due to its hardness and durability.
Medicinal:The leaves, bark, and wood of certain sandalwood species have medicinal properties and are used in traditional medicine.
Decorative use:The texture and color of sandalwood are of great ornamental value and are often used in carvings and decorations.
cultural significance
Sandalwood symbolizes nobility and longevity in traditional Chinese culture, and was especially widely used in ancient palace furniture.
Rosewood and cocobolo are often used in Buddhist and Taoist religious ceremonies and are representative of sacred woods.
conservation status
Due to the high economic value of sandalwood and excessive logging, some species, such as rosewood and ebony, have been listed as endangered species and are subject to international and local protection.
Dalbergia
Introduction
Dalbergia spp. belongs to the genus Dalbergia of the Fabaceae family. It is a general name for a class of tree species with valuable wood and wide uses. Dalbergia is famous for its beautiful texture, hard texture and durability. It has been widely used in the production of high-end furniture, handicrafts and musical instruments. Representative varieties include Cochin Dalbergia, Big Fruit Rosewood, etc.
Main features
Tree height:They are mostly medium to large trees, usually between 10 and 30 meters in height.
Bark:Grayish brown or dark brown, with rough surface and cracks.
blade:Pinnately compound leaves are small and neatly arranged.
Flowers:Small white or pale yellow flowers arranged in racemes.
fruit:Flat pod-like fruit containing seeds.
wood:The wood is mostly dark red, purple-red or yellow-brown, with fine texture and gloss.
Distribution and growth environment
country of origin:Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, including Southeast Asia, India, southern China and other places.
Suitable environment:It likes a warm and humid climate and is suitable for growing in well-drained soil.
Main types
Dalbergia cochinchinensis:Also known as "Laos red rosewood", the wood is hard and deep red in color. It is often used in high-end furniture and handicrafts.
Dalbergia oliveri:Commonly known as "Burmese Rosewood", it has beautiful texture and aroma. It is an important wood for making furniture and floors.
Indian Dalbergia latifolia:The wood has a deep color and is suitable for making musical instruments and carvings.
use
High-end furniture:Because of its beautiful texture and durability, cocobolo wood is widely used to make mahogany furniture and royal furniture.
Crafts:It is often used to carve high-value handicrafts such as ornaments and bracelets.
Musical instrument making:Indian cocobolo and other varieties are often used to make guitars, violins and other musical instruments.
Decorative materials:Because of its luster and color, rosewood is suitable as a decorative material for high-end buildings.
cultural significance
In China, Dalbergia belongs to the category of "mahogany" and has historical and cultural value and collection value.
Dalbergia wood symbolizes nobility, elegance and classics and is commonly found in traditional Chinese furniture.
conservation status
Due to excessive logging and strong market demand, many species of Dalbergia have been listed in the appendix of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and are strictly protected by international and local laws.
acacia tree
Introduction
Acacia (Acacia spp.) is the collective name for plants of the genus Acacia in the Fabaceae family and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Acacia trees are known for their strong drought tolerance and rapid growth. They are often used for windbreak and sand fixation, afforestation and landscaping. Common acacia trees in Taiwan include Acacia confusa and Acacia auriculiformis.
Main features
Tree height:Usually 5 to 15 meters, medium or large tree.
Bark:Tan or grayish brown with cracked or rough texture.
blade:Most of the leaves are pinnately compound, and the leaves of some varieties have degenerated into flat leaf-like stalks.
Flowers:Small globular or spike-like inflorescences, yellow or milky white in color, fragrant.
fruit:Pod-shaped fruit containing seeds.
Distribution and growth environment
Distribution area:It is native to Australia, Africa and Southeast Asia, and is now widely distributed in Taiwan, India and other places.
Suitable environment:It likes sunshine, has strong drought tolerance, and adapts to poor soil and well-drained environments.
Common varieties in Taiwan
Taiwan Acacia confusa:A local native species, the wood is hard and often used for furniture and fuel wood.
Acacia auriculiformis:Exotic species, used for greening and afforestation, have fast growth characteristics.
use
Wood usage:Acacia wood is hard and durable, suitable for making furniture, handicrafts and fuel wood.
Greening and afforestation:Acacia trees grow quickly and are suitable for windbreak and sand fixation, soil improvement and vegetation restoration.
feed:The pods and leaves of the acacia tree can be used as livestock feed.
Medicinal:Some species have medicinal properties; the bark and leaves are used to treat wounds and inflammation.
cultural significance
The acacia tree is regarded as a symbol of loyalty and longing in Taiwan, and its name is homophonic with "acacia", giving it a romantic emotional connotation.
In folklore and literature, the acacia tree is often associated with images of watchfulness and perseverance.
Conservation and Challenges
Acacia trees play an important role in improving the environment due to their rapid growth and strong adaptability. However, some exotic acacia trees may also cause competitive pressure on the local ecosystem, so attention should be paid to reasonable planting and management.
Sophora japonica
Plant overview
Sophora japonica (scientific name: *Sophora japonica*), also known as Sophora japonica and Sophora japonica, is a deciduous tree of the Sophora genus in the Fabaceae family. Originally from China, it is widely distributed in East Asia and is especially common in street greening in northern Chinese cities.
Appearance features
The locust tree can reach a height of 20 meters, with a straight trunk and gray-brown bark with longitudinal fissures. The leaves are odd-pinnate, oblong, with opposite leaflets and glossy. It blooms in summer and has white or yellowish butterfly-shaped flowers in racemes with pleasant fragrance. The fruit is a pod, shaped like a rosary bead, and turns brown when ripe.
Ecology and habits
Sophora japonica is cold-resistant and drought-tolerant, has low soil requirements and has strong adaptability. It is often planted in urban street trees, park green spaces and gardens. It likes a sunny environment, but can also tolerate semi-shade.
use
Locust trees have multiple uses:
Medicinal:Sophora japonica and sophora japonica (unopened flower buds) are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to stop bleeding, clear away heat, and lower blood pressure.
Greening:Because of its strong anti-pollution ability, it is an ideal urban greening tree species.
wood:The material is hard and can be used to make furniture and appliances.
cultural meaning
The locust tree symbolizes "official career" and "glory" in ancient China. For example, the "locust tree" refers to the position of a high official. It is said that the three locust trees and nine leaves are the home of the prime minister, so they have the meaning of nobility.
Related varieties
The genus Sophora genus also includes other species, such as Robinia (*Robinia pseudoacacia*, actually a genus of Robinia), but they are not the same plant classification as Sophora japonica and are often confused. The real Sophora japonica should be *Sophora japonica*.
Sophora cassia
Plant overview
Senna alata (scientific name: *Senna alata*), also known as winged cassia, bougainvillea bean, and candle flower, is a large perennial herb or shrub of the genus Cassia in the Fabaceae family. It is native to tropical America and was later introduced to Asia, Africa and other tropical and subtropical regions for cultivation. It is commonly found in gardens or wild fields in southern Taiwan.
Appearance features
Sophora cassia can reach a height of 2 to 4 meters, with erect and strong stems. The leaves are even-numbered pinnately compound leaves, with opposite leaflets and wide elliptical shape. The bright yellow flowers bloom in summer and autumn and are arranged in candle-shaped upright racemes that are very eye-catching. The fruit is a wing-shaped flat pod, long and ribbed.
Ecology and growth
It likes a warm, humid and sunny environment and does not have high soil requirements, but good drainage is required. It can be propagated by self-sowing and can grow for many years in frost-free areas. Commonly found in garden landscaping, road green belts, and open spaces.
medicinal value
Sophora cassia is commonly used in folk medicine for:
Clear away heat and detoxify
Soothing and laxative
External use can treat ringworm
Its leaves contain anthraquinone compounds, which have laxative effects and should be used with caution.
Appreciation and use
Because the flower shape is as bright and spectacular as a candle, it is often cultivated as an ornamental plant. Its rapid growth and strong expansion ability make it also used for soil fixation and greening purposes in tropical areas, but it is classified as an invasive species in some areas (such as Australia).
Taiwan Tracking
Taichung City Confucian Examination Shed Square
Differences from other Cassia plants
Cassia cassia is different from the common cassia seed (*Senna obtusifolia* or *Senna tora*). The seeds of the latter can be used as raw materials for cassia tea. However, cassia cassia is mainly used for its leaves as medicine, and it is not recommended to eat its seeds directly.
Abel
Introduction
Abel (scientific name:Cassia fistula), also known as Golden Rain and Indian Bitter, is a deciduous tree of the genus Cassia in the family Sumyaceae, native to India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Because the flowers are golden and droop in bunches, they look like a waterfall of gold when in full bloom, hence the name "Golden Rain". It is often planted as an ornamental tree or street tree.
Morphological characteristics
Trunk and branches
Abel can reach a height of 10 to 15 meters, with an upright trunk and gray-brown bark that is slightly rough. The leaves are odd-pinnately compound leaves, each with 4 to 8 pairs of leaflets. The leaves are oval in shape and arranged alternately.
flowers
The flowers are golden yellow in drooping racemes, up to 20 to 40 cm long, with each flower having five petals. The flowering period is mainly from May to July. When in full bloom, the whole plant looks as if it is covered in gold, which is very spectacular. It is one of the important flower-viewing trees in early summer.
fruit
The fruit is a long cylindrical pod, about 30 to 60 cm long. It is dark brown when mature. There are dozens of seeds inside, sandwiched in a sweet gelatinous substance.
Growth environment
Likes high temperature and sunny environment.
It has strong drought tolerance and is suitable for tropical and subtropical climates.
Adaptable to a variety of soils, preferably well-drained loam.
Reproduction method
seed propagation: After the pods are mature, the seeds can be taken out and sown. Before germination, they need to be soaked in warm water or broken to promote germination.
Main purpose
Landscape use: Commonly used as street trees, park trees or garden landscaping.
cultural symbol: Considered as the national tree in Thailand, it symbolizes prosperity and honor.
medicinal value: The jelly content of the fruit pod is used as a laxative in traditional Indian medicine.
Cultivation and management
sunshine: Requires sufficient sunlight to bloom luxuriantly.
watering: The adult plant is drought-tolerant and can be watered less in dry seasons.
prune: Prune excessively long branches after flowering each year to promote flowering next year.
Special matters
Abel's fruit pods are not easy to decompose after falling and need to be cleaned regularly, otherwise they may cause the ground to slip.
Its fallen flowers form a golden tapestry, which is of great ornamental value and attracts crowds of photographers and flower-viewers.
watery yellow skin
plant properties
It is an evergreen tree of the family Proteaceae and can reach a height of 20 meters. The bark is grey-brown and tough in texture. The leaves are single, oval or obovate in shape, with a smooth surface and are evergreen all year round. The flowers are small cymes, light yellow in color, and the fruits are drupes that turn yellow-brown or purple-brown when mature.
Distribution and origin
Watery bark is mainly distributed in southern China, such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Fujian. It is commonly found in low-altitude mountains, along streams or in humid forests in tropical and subtropical regions.
Planting site in Taiwan: Tian Jiabing Optoelectronics Building, Jiaotong University
Main purpose
Watery bark wood is hard, dense and durable, and is suitable for construction, furniture and handicrafts. Its bark and fruits contain certain medicinal ingredients, which can be used to clear away heat, detoxify, reduce inflammation and relieve pain. In addition, water bark can also be used as a landscape tree for garden landscaping and soil and water conservation.
Cultivation and management
Water yellow bark likes a warm and humid environment, is suitable for planting in well-drained loam or sandy soil, and has strong adaptability to acidic or neutral soil. It is necessary to keep the soil moist when planting, and pay attention to preventing and controlling diseases and insect pests, such as leaf spot and stem borer, to ensure healthy growth of the trees.
Malva
Kapok
Introduction
Kapok (Bombax ceiba) is a plant of the Kapok family (Malvaceae), also known as hero tree or panzhihua. It is a deciduous tree in tropical and subtropical areas. Kapok is famous for its bright orange-red flowers and tall tree shape. It is common in low-altitude areas of Taiwan, especially in spring, forming a spectacular sea of flowers.
Main features
Tree height:It can reach 20 to 30 meters and has a straight trunk.
Bark:Grayish brown, often with conical spines.
blade:Palmately compound leaves fall off in winter and new leaves sprout in spring.
Flowers:The five-petaled orange-red flower, up to 10 to 15 cm in diameter, blooms in spring.
fruit:When mature, it becomes an oval capsule containing a large amount of cotton-like fibers.
Distribution and growth environment
country of origin:Distributed in tropical Asia, including India, southern China, Taiwan and other places.
Suitable environment:It likes a sunny and well-drained environment and has strong drought tolerance.
Altitude distribution:Mainly distributed in low-altitude plains and hilly areas.
use
Landscape use:Because of its bright flowers and majestic shape, it is often used as a street tree and garden tree.
Cotton batting uses:The cotton wadding inside the fruit can be used to fill pillows and bedding.
Medicinal:The flowers, roots and bark of kapok have heat-clearing and detoxifying effects in traditional Chinese medicine.
Wood usage:Kapok wood is light and soft and can be used to make furniture and building materials.
cultural significance
Kapok is regarded as a symbol of bravery and perseverance, hence its reputation as the "Hero Tree".
In southern Taiwan and Southeast Asia, kapok is often associated with local culture and beliefs.
Kapok Road, Taiwan
Every spring, Kapok roads in bloom in many parts of Taiwan attract a large number of tourists. Well-known Kapok roads include:
Tainan Baihe Kapok Road
Kapok Road, Liujiao Township, Chiayi
Pingtung Chaozhou Kapok Road
Nasturtium
Plant overview
Nasturtium (scientific name: *Tropaeolum majus*), also known as nasturtium and nasturtium, is an herbaceous plant of the genus Nasturtium in the family Nasturtaceae. It is native to the Andes Mountains of South America and is now widely cultivated around the world as an ornamental and edible plant.
Appearance features
Nasturtium is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant with creeping or clumping properties. The leaves are round and shield-shaped, with entire edges, long stalks, and a slightly shiny surface. The flowers are solitary, funnel-shaped, with five petals. The flowers are mostly golden, orange, orange or red in color, often with dark spots in the center. A three-petaled capsule will be produced after the flower.
Ecology and growth habits
It likes a sunny, well-drained environment and has low soil requirements. It is drought-tolerant but not cold-tolerant. It can be planted as spring and summer flowers in Taiwan's mid- to low-altitude areas, and it often grows naturally in high-altitude areas in summer. Easy to sow, fast growing, suitable for ground cover or hanging cultivation.
use
Ornamental purpose:The flowers are brightly colored and the leaves are cute. They are often used as climbing or hanging plants in flower beds, balconies, and wall edges.
Edible use:The flowers, young leaves and seeds are edible, with a slightly spicy taste, similar to mustard, and can be used as a salad garnish or in dishes.
Medicinal value:Traditionally, it is believed to have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, but it needs to be scientifically verified and should be used with caution.
Flower language and symbolism
The flower language of the nasturtium includes "victory", "dedication of love", "loyalty and glory". In European gardening, it is often planted with other summer flowers to symbolize enthusiasm and vitality.
Things to note
Even though nasturtiums are edible, you should still make sure there are no pesticide residues or accidental planting of similar but inedible plants. Its seeds and immature fruits are pungent and should not be eaten in large quantities.
Luan Shu
Introduction
Koelreuteria spp. is a tree of the Sapindaceae family and is native to Asia, including China and Taiwan. Commonly used as street trees or landscape trees, Columbine trees are popular for their drought tolerance, adaptability, and four-season landscape characteristics.
Main features
blade:The leaves are pinnate or bi-pinnate, and the green leaves turn golden yellow or red in autumn, making them highly ornamental.
Flowers:Small yellow flowers bloom in summer, arranged in large panicles, which are bright and eye-catching.
fruit:It is a lantern-shaped capsule that is reddish brown or green when mature and contains seeds.
Bark:Grey-brown, smooth surface, cracks may appear with age.
Distribution and growth environment
country of origin:Distributed in East and Southeast Asia, including Taiwan, China, Japan and other places.
Suitable environment:It likes a sunny environment, has strong drought tolerance, and is suitable for planting in well-drained soil.
Altitude distribution:Can grow at low to medium altitudes.
use
Landscape use:Often grown as a street or garden tree, it is favored for its ornamental flowers and fruits.
Ecological effects:Columbine nectar is an important nectar plant for bees and helps maintain the ecosystem.
Wood usage:Luan tree wood is hard and often used to make furniture or building materials.
Cultural significance:The Luan tree symbolizes auspiciousness and harmony in traditional Chinese culture.
Common Luan tree in Taiwan
Taiwanese Koelreuteria henryi:A native species with yellow flowers in summer and red fruits in autumn.
Planting site in Taiwan: Tian Jiabing Optoelectronics Building, Jiaotong University
Chinese Columbine Tree (Koelreuteria bipinnata):Originating from China, the fruit is large and prominent in shape.
Huangshan Koelreuteria paniculata:Commonly used in horticultural planting, the flowers and fruits are ornamental.
Jiuxiong
plant properties
Jiuxiong is a deciduous tree of the genus Jiuxiong in the family Chiliaceae. It can reach a height of 15 meters. The bark is smooth and gray-white or light brown. The leaves are opposite or whorled, oval, the flowers are lavender or pink, the flowering period is concentrated in spring and summer, and the fruit is a capsule.
Distribution and origin
Jiuxiong is widely distributed in Taiwan, southern China and Southeast Asia, and is commonly found on hillsides, valleys and low-altitude forests. Jiuxiong forest refers to a natural or artificial forest composed of Jiuxiong as the main tree species.
Planting site in Taiwan: Xionglin Wenlin Pavilion
Ecology and use
The ecological value of the Ligusticum rhizome tree is extremely high. It can provide habitat and food sources, especially nectar plants, which is of great significance to beekeeping. In addition, the wood of Jiuxiong is hard and can be used to make agricultural tools, furniture, etc.; its bark is rich in tannins and can be used for dyeing.
Cultivation and management
Jiuxiong is suitable for planting in soil with sufficient sunshine and good drainage, and has strong adaptability to soil pH. When artificially cultivating Jiuxiang forests, attention should be paid to spacing management and pest and disease control, especially the prevention and control of bark pests.
Terminalia tree
Basic introduction
Terminalia tree (scientific name:Terminalia catappa), belonging to the genus Cymbidaceae, is a common tree along the coast of Taiwan, on campuses, and on the streets. The tree's branches are like an umbrella, which has a good shading effect and also has ornamental and ecological value.
Appearance features
Tree shape:The branches are in horizontal whorls and have distinct layers.
blade:Large, wide, obovate; leaves turn red or orange-brown in autumn and winter and then fall off.
flower:Small white flowers in spikes, not very ornamental.
fruit:Oval drupe, yellowish brown when ripe.
Growth environment
It likes tropical and subtropical climates with high temperatures and plenty of sunshine.
Resistant to salt and wind, suitable for coastal and urban environments.
It has a well-developed root system and is highly adaptable to soil.
distributed
It is common in low-altitude areas of Taiwan, especially in the south and along the coast.
It is native to tropical Asia and is now widely distributed along the Pacific and Indian Ocean coasts.
use
Pathways and landscapes:The tree has a large crown and good shade, and is often used as a street tree and campus tree.
Ecology:Provide bird habitat and shade.
Aquatic use:Dried fallen leaves can be used in aquariums to release tannins, which help inhibit bacteria and regulate water quality.
Culture and Alias
Alias: Indian terminalia, tropical almond.
It is often regarded as an "indicator tree species for seasonal changes" on campus.
Things to note
During the leaf fall period, the leaves are large and need to be cleaned regularly.
Falling fruit may cause the ground to become slippery.
super chrysanthemum
flytrap
Introduction
Dionaea muscipula is a carnivorous plant of the genus Venus flytrap in the family Droseraceae, native to wetlands in the southeastern United States. Its unique leaves can close quickly to capture insects as a source of nutrients, making it one of the most famous carnivorous plants in the world.
Main features
Plant height:Usually 5 to 10 cm, it is a small herbaceous plant.
blade:The basal leaves are spoon-shaped, with special insect traps at the apex and sensor hairs on the inside.
Insect catching mechanism:When an insect touches the sensing hair twice, the leaves quickly close, trapping the prey and secreting digestive enzymes to break down its soft tissue.
Flowers:Small white flowers bloom in spring and summer, usually higher than the leaves to avoid trapping pollinating insects.
Root system:Short and thin, they mainly rely on leaf prey to supplement nutrients.
Distribution and growth environment
Place of origin:Wetlands of North Carolina and South Carolina, USA.
Growth environment:It prefers high humidity, full sunlight and poor, acidic soil, and usually grows in swamp or wetland environments.
patience:It is not intolerant to low temperatures and enters a dormant period in winter, so it needs to maintain appropriate humidity to survive.
Growth and maintenance
Lighting requirements:It needs sufficient sunshine, at least 4 to 6 hours of direct sunlight every day.
soil:Use peat soil mixed with perlite. Do not use ordinary gardening soil or fertilizer to avoid affecting the health of the root system.
Watering method:Use distilled water or rainwater to avoid mineral accumulation in tap water that may harm your plants.
Dormant period:Leaves may wilt in winter, so watering should be reduced at this time and cooler temperatures provided to maintain dormancy.
Predation mechanism
Venus flytraps rely on sensor hairs to detect prey. When an insect comes into contact with two or more sensor hairs, the leaves will quickly close.
After closing, the edges of the leaves gradually lock to prevent prey from escaping and begin to secrete digestive enzymes.
After about 7 to 10 days, the leaves reopen, leaving the insect's exoskeleton behind to await the next meal.
Use and value
Scientific research:The Venus flytrap is the subject of research on plant movement and sensing mechanisms, attracting many botanists and biologists to study its predatory behavior.
Gardening and ornamental:Because of its unique hunting mechanism and appearance, it is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.
conservation status
Due to the destruction of wetland habitats and over-harvesting, the number of wild Venus flytraps has gradually decreased, and it is currently listed as a vulnerable species (Vulnerable). Conservation measures include artificial breeding and restricting wild collection to protect its living environment.
Compositae
Introduction
Asteraceae, also known as the Asteraceae family, is the largest family of dicotyledonous plants, including more than 32,000 species of plants distributed all over the world. Most of the plants in the Compositae family are herbs, but there are also shrubs and a few trees.
feature
The inflorescence is a flower head with small and densely arranged flowers that look like a single flower.
The fruit is an achene, often with pappus, which aids in seed dispersal.
Leaves are mostly simple and may have toothed or split edges.
Main categories
Asteraceae is divided into the following main subfamilies:
Asteroideae: includes many ornamental plants, such as sunflowers, chrysanthemums, daisies, etc.
Cichorioideae: such as dandelion, lettuce, etc.
use
Asteraceae plants play multiple roles in human life:
Ornamental purpose:Such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daisies, etc.
Medicinal plants:Such as dandelion and mugwort.
Edible crops:Such as lettuce and chicory.
Common types
Chrysanthemum morifolium
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
Daisy (Bellis perennis)
Pittosporum grass
Basic introduction
Pittosporum truncatula (scientific name:Scaevola taccada, also asScaevola sericea), belonging to the Pittosporum family, is a common evergreen shrub or small tree in coastal areas of Taiwan. Because it is salt-tolerant, wind-tolerant, and drought-tolerant, it is often used as coastal windbreak and landscape planting.
Appearance features
Plant type:Shrubs to small trees with thick branches and many branches.
blade:Thick fleshy, obovate shape, smooth and waxy leaves.
flower:White to lavender, the corolla is half fan-shaped, which is its most distinctive feature.
fruit:White or light yellow-green drupe, slightly transparent when mature.
flowering period
Flowering can occur sporadically throughout the year in Taiwan.
The peak flowering period is mostly from late spring to summer.
Growth environment
Coastal sandy land and reef areas.
High salt content, strong wind and strong sunshine environment.
Well-drained sandy or poor soil.
distributed
Taiwan's coastal areas and outlying islands (Penghu, Green Island, Orchid Island).
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical coastal areas.
use
Coastal protection:Stabilizes sand and prevents erosion.
Landscaping:Commonly used in seaside parks and road greening.
Ecological value:Provide habitat for insects and birds.
Things to note
The fruit is not edible, avoid eating by mistake.
It grows rapidly and requires moderate pruning to maintain plant shape.
Labiata
Osmanthus fragrans
Overview
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen shrub or small tree of the genus Oleaceae in the family Oleaceae. It is native to southern China and is now widely distributed in other parts of Asia. Osmanthus is famous for its rich aroma and is one of the top ten famous flowers in traditional China.
Morphological characteristics
The main characteristics of Osmanthus include:
Flowers: The flowers are small and dense, yellow, orange or white in color, and emit a strong fragrance during the flowering period.
Leaves: Opposite, long ovate, with serrated margins and smooth and shiny surface.
Trunk: The bark is grey-brown and hard in texture.
Distribution and growth environment
Osmanthus likes a warm and humid climate and is suitable for growing in a soil environment with sufficient sunshine and good drainage. It has limited cold tolerance, so cultivation is more common in subtropical and warm temperate regions.
Planting site in Taiwan: Campus of Hsinchu Xionglin Minshi University of Science and Technology.
cultural significance
Osmanthus plays an important role in traditional Chinese culture:
Symbolizing nobility: Osmanthus is often associated with purity and nobility.
Meaning of glory: In China, there is a word "zhegui", which symbolizes success and fame.
Moon legend: Osmanthus is associated with the moon. For example, the story of "Chang'e Flying to the Moon" mentions the laurel tree in the Moon Palace.
Main purpose
In addition to its ornamental value, osmanthus also has the following applications:
Food processing: used to make traditional delicacies such as osmanthus cake, osmanthus wine, and osmanthus honey.
Spice raw materials: Osmanthus is often used to extract essential oils or make perfumes.
Medicinal value: Osmanthus fragrans has the traditional Chinese medicine effects of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, relieving cough and asthma.
tassel
Introduction
Chionanthus (scientific name: Chionanthus retusus) is a deciduous or semi-evergreen tree of the genus Chionanthus in the family Oleaceae. It is named after its white petals that bloom in spring and are as slender as silk, like elegant tassels. Its flowers are elegant and suitable as garden trees and street trees. They are distributed in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.
Morphological characteristics
trunk
The trunk of the fringed tree is straight, reaching a height of 5 to 15 meters. The bark is grey-brown. The bark of young trees is smooth, and irregular cracks will appear as it grows.
branches
The crown of the tree is round or umbrella-shaped, with dense branches. The leaves are oval or obovate, about 5 to 10 cm long, with smooth edges and obvious surface gloss. They are green all year round.
flowers
The flowers are white, with slender petals, slightly curled, in the form of racemes or panicles, with a flower diameter of about 1 to 2 centimeters. When the whole plant blooms, it looks like a tree crown covered with snow. The flowering period is mainly from April to May. The flowers have a light fragrance and attract bees and butterflies.
fruits and seeds
The fruit is an oval drupe, about 1 to 2 centimeters long. It is purple-black when mature and contains a seed. Birds like to eat it and help spread the seeds.
Growth environment
Suitable for growing in temperate and subtropical areas, it has strong cold tolerance and can tolerate low temperatures to -15°C.
It likes a sunny environment and can also adapt to half-sun conditions.
It has wide adaptability and does not have high soil requirements, preferably sandy loam or loam with good drainage.
Reproduction method
seed propagation: Collect mature fruits in autumn, remove the pulp and germinate at low temperature to increase the germination rate.
Propagation by cuttings: Cut healthy twigs and insert them into the substrate to keep them moist to help rooting.
Main purpose
landscape trees: Because of its beautiful flowers, it is often used in gardens, parks and street tree planting.
Environmentally friendly tree species: Can absorb dust and pollutants in the air and improve environmental quality.
medicinal value: In traditional medicine, the seeds and bark can be used as medicine and have the effects of clearing away heat, detoxifying, and reducing inflammation.
Cultivation and maintenance
watering: It has good drought tolerance. It can be watered appropriately during the growth period to avoid water accumulation.
fertilize: Organic fertilizer or phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be applied during the growing season to promote flowering.
prune: Prune branches appropriately after flowering to keep the tree beautiful.
Pest and disease control: Fewer pest and disease problems, occasional aphids or red spider infestations can be treated with biological control.
cultural symbol
Tassel flowers are white and elegant, symbolizing purity and elegance.
In some parts of China, tassels are considered an auspicious tree, symbolizing longevity and peace.
Tassel trees are commonly found in temples and courtyards and are considered a symbol of tranquility and peace.
wind chime tree
plant properties
Campanulaceae is a deciduous tree in the family Bignonaceae, which can reach a height of more than 15 meters. The crown is wide and spread, the trunk is upright, and the bark is grey-brown, smooth or slightly cracked. The leaves are palmately compound, usually composed of 5 leaflets. Its flowers are large and bright, shaped like wind chimes, and are mostly yellow, pink, purple or white in color. They are of great ornamental value when in full bloom.
Distribution and origin
Campanulaceae is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, and is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, especially in gardens in Southeast Asia and southern China.
Planting site in Taiwan: Tian Jiabing Optoelectronics Building, Jiaotong University, Hsinchu
Main purpose
Known for its beautiful flowers, the Campanulaceae is an ideal tree species for urban greening, courtyards and landscaping. It is especially suitable for planting along roads or in parks to create an elegant landscape. In addition, its wood is hard and durable and can be used in construction and furniture making.
Cultivation and management
Campanula prefers a warm, sunny environment and is not strict with the soil, but well-drained loam or sandy soil is preferred. During the cultivation process, you need to pay attention to watering and fertilizing, keep it moderately moist, and perform timely pruning to maintain the tree shape. In terms of pest control, we need to be vigilant about stem borers and leaf spot. Early detection and treatment can effectively maintain the health of trees.
blackboard tree
Introduction
Blackboard tree (scientific name:Alstonia scholaris) is a plant of the Apocynaceae family, native to tropical areas of Asia, commonly found in India, Indochina and southern Taiwan. The tree was named "blackboard tree" because its wood was often used to make blackboards.
Morphological characteristics
Tree type:Evergreen tree, up to 40 meters tall, with straight trunk.
blade:The leaves are whorled, with 4 to 7 leaves in each whorl, and the leaf surface is smooth and shiny.
Flowers:Small white flowers bloom in autumn and have a strong fragrance.
fruit:A long strip-shaped capsule that splits when ripe to release seeds, which are downy and can be blown away by the wind.
Growth environment
The blackboard tree is highly adaptable and can withstand high temperatures and droughts. It often grows in low-altitude forests or urban street trees, and can withstand a certain degree of pollution, so it is often used as a greening tree species.
Planting site in Taiwan: Chung Hwa University campus in Hsinchu. The back door of Taichung Lingdong University of Science and Technology campus.
use
Wood usage:The wood is light and soft, suitable for making furniture, paper and blackboards.
Medicinal value:The bark contains alkaloids that are used to treat fever, malaria and respiratory illnesses.
Gardening and landscaping:As garden trees and street trees, they provide shade and beautify the environment.
Things to note
The blackboard tree belongs to the Apocynaceae family. Its bark and latex are toxic and may cause discomfort if ingested. Therefore, children or pets need to avoid accidental contact.
Rubiaceae
Introduction
Rubiaceae is an important family of dicotyledonous plants, including about 13,000 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Plants in this family are known for their diversity and economic value and include shrubs, trees, herbs and vines.
feature
Leaves are usually opposite and have distinct stipules.
The flowers are mostly in cymes or capitulum, and the flowers are small and dense.
Various fruit types include berries, drupes and capsules.
The plant often contains alkaloids, which are used for defense or medicinal purposes.
Growth environment
Rubiaceae plants are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, but there are also a few species adapted to temperate environments. They grow widely in different habitats including forests, meadows and swamps.
use
Rubiaceae plants have many uses in human life:
Cash crops:For example, coffee (Coffea) is an important source of beverages in the world.
Medicinal plants:Such as Rubia cordifolia and Psychotria serpens.
Ornamental purpose:Such as periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) and Strelitzia reginae.
Dye plants:For example, red dye can be extracted from the roots of madder.
Common types
Coffee tree (Coffea arabica)
Catharanthus roseus
Rubia cordifolia
Psychotria serpens
Gardenia jasminoides
fruit
fruit
Introduction
The fruit is a unique reproductive structure of gymnosperms. It is composed of scale-like structures, usually arranged in spirals or whorls, and the overall shape is conical or spherical, hence its name. The fruit mainly carries the reproductive function of the plant, including seeds or spores.
feature
It is composed of many scales (fruit scales), arranged tightly or loosely.
Divided into male fruits and female fruits, male fruits produce pollen, and female fruits develop seeds.
Mature female fruits often have a lignified structure to protect the internal seeds.
Most berries are cone-shaped, but there are a few exceptions, such as cypress berries that are spherical.
main plants
The fruit is an important feature of gymnosperms. The following are the common plant categories of the fruit:
Pinaceae:Such as pine, fir, and fir, their fruits are often cone-shaped.
Cupressaceae:Such as cypress and juniper, the fruits are mostly spherical or oval.
Ginkgo family:Although it does not form a typical fruit, its seeds also belong to the gymnosperm reproductive structure.
use
The fruit has many uses in human life:
Gardening and ornamental:For example, pine berries are often used for decoration or art production.
Industrial use:Pine berries contain resin, which can be used to extract rosin or make chemicals.
edible:The seeds inside some berries are edible, such as pine nut seeds.
Common fruit plants
Pine (Pinus spp.)
Fir (Abies spp.)
Cedar (Cedrus spp.)
Cypress (Cupressus spp.)
Juniper (Juniperus spp.)
capsule
Introduction
Capsule is a common type of dry fruit in angiosperms. It is composed of single or multiple carpels and will naturally split to release seeds when mature. The capsule has various shapes and is one of the important identification characteristics in plant taxonomy.
feature
After ripening, the fruit usually dries and splits along certain suture lines.
Consists of one or more carpels containing multiple seeds.
There are various types of dehiscence, including longitudinal fissure, transverse fissure, hole fissure or valve fissure.
They come in various shapes and sizes, often related to the way the plant reproduces.
Split mode
Longitudinal capsule:The fruit splits longitudinally along the carpel, as in Liliaceae plants.
Transversely split capsule:The fruit is split laterally, like in wood sorrel.
Hole-split capsule:Pores are formed on the top of the fruit to release the seeds, as in the poppy family.
Split capsule:The fruit is split into several petals, like those of the iris family.
use
Capsules are of great ecological and human importance:
Plant propagation:The seeds are dispersed after the capsule splits, helping the plant to spread and reproduce.
Ornamental purpose:Some capsules are part of ornamental plants due to their unique shapes.
Medicinal:The capsules of the poppy are the source of opium.
Economic use:The seeds in some capsules are edible or oil can be extracted.
Common Capsule Plants
Lilium spp.
Poppy (Papaver spp.)
Iris (Iris spp.)
Oxalis spp.
Cotton (Gossypium spp.)
Luan Shu
berry
Introduction
A berry is a juicy fruit type that develops from a single pistil and often contains multiple seeds. Berries are one of the common fruit types among angiosperms and are widely found in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions.
feature
The peel is divided into three layers: exocarp, mesocarp and endocarp, and the mesocarp and endocarp are usually juicy and fleshy.
The interior contains multiple seeds, although some berries may have just one seed.
They come in a variety of shapes, with size, color and flavor varying from species to species.
type
Typical berries:Like tomatoes and grapes, the skins are soft and juicy.
Citrus fruits:Like oranges and lemons, the peel has a leathery outer layer and is filled with juice sacs inside.
Fruits:Such as watermelon and cantaloupe, the peel is hard but the inside is fleshy.
use
Berries play important roles in human life and natural ecology:
edible:Most berries such as grapes, blueberries, strawberries, etc. are important sources of fruit for humans.
Products:Berries can be made into juice, jam, wine and other products.
Ecology:Berries are important food for animals and help plants disperse their seeds.
Medicinal:Certain berries contain medicinal properties, such as goji berries.
common berry plants
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Grapes (Vitis vinifera)
Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)
Banana (Musa spp.)
Lycium spp.
aggregate fruit
Introduction
Aggregate fruit is a type of fruit that develops from multiple pistils (carpels) in one flower. The structures of these fruits are often tightly bound or attached to each other, making them look like a single unit but are actually made up of multiple fruitlets.
feature
It develops from many detached pistils of a single flower.
Each pistil develops into a small fruit, collectively called an aggregate fruit.
The fruitlets may be fleshy or dry types, depending on the species of plant.
The appearance is often diverse, such as spherical, heart-shaped or irregular.
type
Fleshy aggregate fruit:Like strawberries, the small spots on the surface of the fruit are achenes, and the pulp comes from the development of the tori.
Dried aggregated fruit:Like magnolia, the fruit is composed of many small follicles and is dry.
use
Aggregates have a variety of uses in humans and nature:
edible:Many fruits, such as strawberries and raspberries, are important fruit sources and are rich in vitamins and antioxidants.
Medicinal:Certain aggregate fruits, such as magnolia fruits, have medicinal properties.
Watch:Certain aggregation plants are ornamental plants because of their unique fruit structure.
